EVOLUTION OF TRAIN LIGHTING Train lighting Evolution 1853

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EVOLUTION OF TRAIN LIGHTING

EVOLUTION OF TRAIN LIGHTING

Train lighting - Evolution 1853 -1907 – OIL system (from day 1 as per

Train lighting - Evolution 1853 -1907 – OIL system (from day 1 as per ‘Cheap Trains Act’ 1844) • On IR train services commenced in 1853. • Side wall bracket (general coaches) and ceiling (saloon & Ist class) mounted Oil (vegetable or mineral) lamps . • To be fixed before sun set and removed after sun rise • Ceiling mounted lamps accessible from roof. • One lamp per coach • Skilled labor intensive system (wicks trimming & clg) • Cost 1. 75 pies per lamp hour in 1905

Train lighting - Evolution • Gas system – Pintsch’s gas lighting system – Used

Train lighting - Evolution • Gas system – Pintsch’s gas lighting system – Used by East Indian Railway in last decade of 19 th Century in 400 carriages. – Gas storage at high pressure. – High initial cost but reduced maintenance cost. – Improved quality of lighting – Weight of coach increased by 600 -700 kgs. – Subsequent improvement by • Using lamps with more than one burner • Regenerative system (heat of combustion of exhaust gases pre heat oil. ) • Use of acetylene mixed gas

Train lighting-Evolution 1897 -1907 -trials with Electrical system ØExperimented in France in 1893 (Paris-

Train lighting-Evolution 1897 -1907 -trials with Electrical system ØExperimented in France in 1893 (Paris- Lyon) Ø 16 V Battery only adopted by Rajputana-Malwa Railway in 1901 ( Ist and only attempt) ØCharging done with dynamo installed in Ajmer W/S. ØAll 238 carriages converted with GOI consent at 3. 17 lakhs. ØElectric equipment supplied by Bombay Electric Co.

Train lighting-Evolution Ø Annual O&M costs ØOil lamps-Rs 85, 000 ØGas lighting- Rs 74,

Train lighting-Evolution Ø Annual O&M costs ØOil lamps-Rs 85, 000 ØGas lighting- Rs 74, 000 ØElectric lighting- Rs 50, 000 ØCost 0. 63 pies/unit candle-power (1 Rs=192 pies) ØDomestic rate in Bombay -0. 89 pies/candle-power

Train lighting-Evolution ØAxle driven dynamo (UF mounted) ØTL system invented by Mr A. B

Train lighting-Evolution ØAxle driven dynamo (UF mounted) ØTL system invented by Mr A. B Gill employee of M/S J stone ØInstalled in MG saloon of manager Jodhpur. Bikaner Rly in 1897 Ø Dynamo of J stone co. (25 Amp, 16 V) ØDynamo and battery in front brake van ØOne lamp per coach ØSouth Indian Railway also installed a set of eqpt in 1897. ØLarge scale trials conducted by SI Railway in 1903

Train lighting-Evolution • Electrical system ØSubsequent improvements ØBoth brake vans provided with battery and

Train lighting-Evolution • Electrical system ØSubsequent improvements ØBoth brake vans provided with battery and dynamo ØBelt to be tightened by Guard on run ØAuto (centrifugal type ) cut out for dynamo (to battery ) at 5 mph Ø Final Selection of system in 1907 ØLocomotive, C&W Superintendents committee (set up in 1889) played impt role in selection ØCommittee in 8 th mtg in 1905 reviewed progress of trials

Train lighting-Evolution Ø Subject was again taken up in 9 th mtg in 1907

Train lighting-Evolution Ø Subject was again taken up in 9 th mtg in 1907 Ø Electric system forced on companies to provide fans especially in Ist class coaches. Ø In 1913 RB issued orders for adoption of electric lighting Ø Parallel Block Rake Double Battery system introduced in 1930 and Upper class coaches also fitted with dynamo and battery (9 th CWSC mtg)

Train lighting-Evolution • Ist ESC meeting held in 1935 • Modern phase of TL

Train lighting-Evolution • Ist ESC meeting held in 1935 • Modern phase of TL – Dynamo in only brake vans and upper class coaches – 5 through wire system on rake • Paralleling main : : All Dynamos • Negative main : : All lights • Light +ve : • ON wire : Control to operate magnetic load • OFF wire : switches Parallel Block Rake Double Battery System

Train lighting-Evolution 1907 -1955 • Growth of Electrical train loads – Initially (upto 1907)

Train lighting-Evolution 1907 -1955 • Growth of Electrical train loads – Initially (upto 1907) no fans – Fans provided in Ist & 2 nd class from 1907, in inter class from 1937 and in Third class from 1950 – From 1955, 1 fan for each sleeping berth – No of lamps and fans widely varied from Co to Co – Avg load as surveyed in 1930, 48 & 8 A for upper & lower class coaches – 7 th ESC in 1949 recommended standard illumination in different classes – 8 th ESC decided nos and wattages of different lamps and fans – From 1930 to 1950 upper and lower class loads increased by 20 & 600% respectively

Train lighting- Evolution Simplified TL system • ESC recommended for single battery system in

Train lighting- Evolution Simplified TL system • ESC recommended for single battery system in 1949 but not approved by Board due to circulating currents. • Rampant theft of copper from elect eqpt. • RDSO report on evaluation and performance of DBPB 24 V DC TL system in 1967 – – – Silicon blockers in place of auto cut switches Manually operated switch in place of magnetic switch Al. wiring in place of Copper wiring 2 lamps method for earth fault detection Bogie mounted Dynamo/Alternator with V belts • 22 nd ESC recommended for OSD at RB for monitoring TL under guidance of RDSO Need to go for 110 V DC was felt necessary

Train lighting- Evolution • 24 th ESC at LKO in 1967 recommended that simplified

Train lighting- Evolution • 24 th ESC at LKO in 1967 recommended that simplified TL system be adopted by ICF, BEML and Rly workshops • General performance improved in couple of years • RDSO issued number of Code of Practices – Two lamp system for earth leakage detection – Gauges to ensure use of correct fuses – Anti-theft measures

Train lighting-Evolution 110 V DC SG coaches • RB accepted RDSO recommendation for 110

Train lighting-Evolution 110 V DC SG coaches • RB accepted RDSO recommendation for 110 V DC in 1968 • Used Ist time during 1950 with first lot of fully AC coaches built. (axle driven 18 k. W, 130 V dc generator provided with carbon pile voltage regulator) • Use of 110 V dc system in conventional coaches opposed by 3 out of 7 CEEs in 14 th ESC mtg in 1956 • In 1959 special committee appointed by RB which recommended for continuance of DBPB rake system with inherently regulated type Dynamo • ICF built 6 rakes in 1976 • In 1987 M/S Best & Crompton developed brush less alternator

110 V DC SG coaches • These coaches used 3 & 4. 5 k.

110 V DC SG coaches • These coaches used 3 & 4. 5 k. W KEL and 3 k. W Stone make Alternator and regulator • KEL regulator used MA where as Stone used transistorised regulator. • Battery 90 Ah , 11, 5 cells monoblocks. • Light and Fan circuits controlled by mcb’s • During trials from 1982 -1986 following problems experienced. – Problem of HV and fusing of lamps –battery cells reduced to 50) – Hymeg brand mcb’s failing frequently – 5 cells monoblock battery failure rate high. (3 cells monoblocks introduced) • Based on satisfactory report RB ordered ICF to produce 7 more rakes duly providing Air brakes

110 V DC SG coaches • During 1988 RB appointed special committee of CEEs

110 V DC SG coaches • During 1988 RB appointed special committee of CEEs to work out modalities of extending this system to all coaches. • After acceptance of this committee’s report in early nineties all newly built SG coaches now work on 110 V dc system • 24 V dc coaches have also been converted.

110 V DC SG coaches- Drive • From beginning in 1897 all dynamos were

110 V DC SG coaches- Drive • From beginning in 1897 all dynamos were generally under frame mounted and driven by flat belt • Due to poor life and rampant theft , 7 th ESC recommended in 1949 to try out V belts with bogie mounted Dynamo • Initially Bogie headstock mounted Dynamo was tried which was subsequently changed to Bogie transom suspended type arrangement in mid 60 s. • In 2 nd MSG mtg in 1986 it was decided to go for transom mounted Alternator with endless V belt drive on 25% new coaches • 3 rd MSG in 1988 confirmed above decision and desired to impress upon V belt manufactures to supply belts in matched sets

110 V DC SG coaches- FL fittings • Ist discussed in 7 th ESC

110 V DC SG coaches- FL fittings • Ist discussed in 7 th ESC in 1947 • Trials conducted with imported (BTH and Stone) equipments on 8 coaches • Performance of Stone eqpts not found to be satisfactory • Idea was subsequently dropped due to it being expensive to maintain • During 2 nd half of 70 s 110 V dc trial rakes were fitted with FL fittings.

EOG system • EOG introduced in 1958 (Deluxe Exp) • Rajdhani introduced in 1969

EOG system • EOG introduced in 1958 (Deluxe Exp) • Rajdhani introduced in 1969

LHB Coaches • Manufactured at RCF with TOT contract entered in 1995/96. • Initially

LHB Coaches • Manufactured at RCF with TOT contract entered in 1995/96. • Initially imported EOG coaches introduced. • Subsequently Hybrid (LHB shell with ICF bogie) SG coaches have also been built • SG coaches with Bevel Gear drive were also tried.

Train Lighting systems Ø Self Generation System Ø End -ON-Generation System Ø Mid-ON-Generation System

Train Lighting systems Ø Self Generation System Ø End -ON-Generation System Ø Mid-ON-Generation System Ø Head -ON-Generation System