Evolution Isnt Evolution Just a Theory Keystone Anchors

Evolution: Isn't Evolution Just a Theory?

Keystone Anchors o o BIO. B. 3. 1. 1 Explain how natural selection can impact allele frequencies of a population. BIO. B. 3. 1. 2 Describe the factors that can contribute to the development of new species (e. g. , isolating mechanisms, genetic drift, founder effect, migration). BIO. B. 3. 1. 3 Explain how genetic mutations may result in genotypic and phenotypic variations within a population. BIO. B. 3. 2. 1 Interpret evidence supporting theory of evolution (i. e. , fossil, anatomical, physiological, embryological, biochemical, and universal genetic code).

EVOLUTION KEY TERMS o o o o Evolution Fossil Founder effect Gradualism Natural selection Punctuated equilibrium Speciation Embryology o o o o Primate Vestigial Structure Catastrophism Mutation Uniformitarianism Adaptation Genetic drift

Process Box 1 What do you know about evolution? What do you want to know? Do you believe in evolution? Why or why not? Write response in 7 lines

Carolus Linnaeus, 1735 Georges Buffon, 1749 Erasmus Darwin, 1749 Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, 1809 _______________ 2 nd to classify organisms based on traits their _____ Proposed that species shared ancestors ________ Proposed that more complex life forms less arose from _______ complex life forms Proposed that changes in an environment caused changes in organisms ________

CATASTROPHISM GRADUALISM UNIFORMITARIANISM

CATASTROPHISM Georges Cuvier Theory proposed by ____________. Natural disasters States that _______________ such as ______ and floods volcanic eruptions ________________ have landforms shaped ________ and caused species to become __________ in the process. extinct GRADUALISM James Hutton Theory proposed by ___________. States that the changes in landfoms resulted from slow changes __________ that had occurred over a long period of time. UNIFORMITARIANISM Theory proposed by ___________. Charles Lyell States that the changes in geologic processes that shape the Earth are uniform through time. The changes have happened in the past and _____________________ are ONGOING! _____________________

Review 1. List four events that could cause change according to CATASTROPHISM HURRICANES TSUNAMIS _____________________ VOLCANO ERUPTIONS EARTHQUAKES _____________________ *ANY NATURAL DISASTER THAT LEADS TO QUICK CHANGE* 2. What is the difference between CATASTROPHISM AND GRADULISM? GRADUALISM-slow changes to landforms. Ex) Grand Canyon CATASTROPHISM- instant changes to landforms. Ex) Natural Disasters 3. GRADUALISM AND UNIFORMITARIANISM are more closely related, describe this relationship and how they differ. UNIFORMITARIANISM is GRADUALISM that states slow changes are CONSTANT over ALL TIME.

A cat, quick enough to snatch a bird successfully today, might not be speedy enough to catch the next generation of birds, because only the swiftest of yesterday’s birds remain to provide offspring. Type I: write a 5 line response to the statement above about how it relates to evolution

TYPES OF FEET WEBBED CLAWED PADDED HOOVED TYPES OF BEAKS FISH NUTS INSECTS FISH

COLORATION BODY FAT AND THICK FUR SPECIAL CHARACTERISTICS ADAPTATION ACTIVITY

1. It survives ________ 2. It passes on his traits ____________

1. It survives ________ 2. It passes on its traits ____________

_______________ Principles of NS __________ - ___________________ Natural Selection- process in which something in nature does the selecting of what will survive and ______________________________ what will not survive. ______________________________

PREDATORS ______________ WEATHER CONDITIONS _____________________ RESOURCE SHORTAGES ________________________ DISEASE ______________

Adaptations = traits _______________ Traits = genes _______________ Adaptations = genes _______________

Process Box 2 Define Natural Selection. List four different kinds of ‘Natural Selectors’ and give an example of each: 1. 2. 3. 4.

BEAN LAB RESULTS

“You do not carry your genes around as a way of reproducing yourself; your genes carry you around as a way of reproducing themselves”

1. A CHANGE IN THE DNA CODE 2. ARE NATURAL EVENTS 3. CAN BE A SOURCE FOR NEW TRAITS 4. THESE NEW TRAITS CAN BE ADAPTATIONS BECAUSE THEY MIGHT HELP THE ORGANISM SURVIVE IN ITS ENVIRONMENT

BROWN COAT TO WHITE COAT __________________ The white deer is more easily seen by predators. It will most likely not survive and reproduce. The brown rabbit is more easily seen by predators. It will most likely not survive and reproduce.

Size gene? ?

Height? ?

Albino gene? ?

What determines what a GOOD gene is or a BAD gene? ? ? Environment (nature) An albino gene is BAD in a forest environment. The animal will die. An albino gene is GOOD in a snowy environment. The animal will flourish!!

Genetic variation in a population increases the chance that some individuals will survive. Genetic variation leads to phenotypic variation. Ø Phenotypic variation is necessary for natural selection. Ø Genetic variation is stored in a population’s gene pool. l made up of alleles in a population l allele combinations form when organisms have offspring Ø

Ø Allele frequencies measure genetic variation. – measures how common allele is in population – can be calculated for each allele in gene pool

. Genetic variation comes from several sources Ø Mutation is a random change in the DNA of a gene – can form new allele – can be passed on to offspring if in reproductive cells Ø Recombination forms new combinations of alleles – usually occurs during meiosis – parents’ alleles arranged in new ways in gametes

Gene flow is the movement of alleles between populations. Gene flow occurs when individuals join new populations and reproduce. Ø Gene flow keeps neighboring populations similar. Ø Low gene flow increases the chance that two populations will evolve into different species. Ø bald eagle migration

Genetic drift is a change in allele frequencies due to chance. Genetic drift causes a loss of genetic diversity. Ø It is most common in small populations. Ø A population bottleneck can lead to genetic drift. l It occurs when an event drastically reduces population size. l The bottleneck effect is genetic drift that occurs after a bottleneck event. Ø

Ø The founding of a small population can lead to genetic drift. – It occurs when a few individuals start a new population. – The founder effect is genetic drift that occurs after start of new population.

Ø Genetic drift has negative effects on a population. – less likely to have some individuals that can adapt – harmful alleles can become more common due to chance Mechanisms of evolution Founder effect

Process Box 3 Define Genetic Variation (1 pt) List two different factors that lend itself to genetic variation. (2 pts) 1. MUTATION 2. RECOMBINATION List and describe two ways that genetic frequencies change in a population over time. (2 pts) GENETIC DRIFT AND GENETIC FLOW

Species – A group of living things that can breed with others of the same species and form ‘FERTILE’ offspring. Speciation – evolution of 2 or more species from one ancestral species Punctuated equilibrium – theory that speciation occurs suddenly and rapidly followed by long periods of little change Fertile – being able to reproduce by forming egg or sperm cells

New species are formed by: 5 Fingers of Evolution 1. Animals within the same species are separated by _____ a barrier, (water, mountains, etc). _____________ a. They live apart for thousands of years with different living conditions. ___________ 2. Natural selection takes place within the two ________ separate regions. 3. Individuals with the desirable traits for their specific environment survive and reproduce. ___________ 4. Over time the two groups can become different species as they develop different adaptations. _____

Process Box 4 Name at least 3 things that have to happen in order for a new species for originate. 1. 2. 3.

Type II Explain speciation in a paragraph. Include AND CIRCLE the terms: isolation, mutation, recombination, natural selection Bonus points - ‘If’ any additional evolutionary terms are included AND boxed. - ’If’ you include any specific concepts such as genetic flow, genetic drift, bottleneck effect, or founder effect

1. Seed Eaters 2. Plant Eaters 3. Insect Eaters 4. Cactus Eaters

Naturalist 1. English _________ who wrote the Origin of the Species _____________ 2. Developed the Theory of Evolution ______________ 3. Stated that evolution is a change ________ in the hereditary features ______________ of a group of organisms over time. Controversy

Charles Darwin traveled on the HMS Beagle from England to the Galapagos _______ Islands _______ It is on these islands that Darwin made his observations and compiled evidence of the _______ evolutionary _______ process. _______

Variation 1. ____________: the difference in the physical traits of an individual from those of other individuals in the group to which it belongs. Interspecific Variation ____________: Variation that occurs among members of different species Intraspecific Variation ____________: Variation that occurs among individuals of the same species. Adaptation 2. ____________: The feature(s) that allow an organism to better survive in its environment. Adaptations can lead to genetic change in a Population over time ____________________.

1. LIVING THINGS OVERPRODUCE 2. THERE IS VARIATION AMONG OFFSPRING 3. ADAPTATION: THERE IS A STRUGGLE TO SURVIVE, THOSE BETTER ADAPTED ARE MORE LIKELY TO SURVIVE 4. DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION: NATURAL SELECTION IS ALWAYS TAKING PLACELEAVING COMMON ADVANTAGEOUS TRAITS IN POPULATION Evolution: Why Does Evolution Matter Now?

Process Box 5 List the four principals of Darwin’s Theory of Evolution. (Give an example of each) 1. 2. 3. 4.

Process Box 6 What three pieces of information can you infer from this graph? BEAR POPULATION Number of Bear Brown Bear White Bear

First living thing HUMANS COME FROM MONKEYS

NEW WORLD MONKEYS OLD WORLD MONKEYS • Have tails • Some have tails • Nostrils Point Upwards • Nostrils Point Downwards Hamadryas baboon (Africa) Prehensile tails (spider monkeys) Howler Monkey Patas monkey (Africa) APES • No tails Congo Gorilla

PRIMATE EVOLUTION “Before Monkey” PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEYS OLD WORLD MONKEYS APES HUMANS 40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

First steps APES AUSTRALOPITHECUS HOMO HABILIS Common Ancestor - Anatomy Southern ape, Walked upright, very short. ___________________ “Lucy” Used tools, somewhat taller. Lived in Africa ___________________ HOMO ERECTUS Left Africa, fire, carnivore. Larger brain and body ___________ HOMO Neanderthalensis 10 MILLION YEARS AGO Neanderthal _________________ HOMO SAPIEN_____________ Cave Drawings, This is us! Ardi Did humans evolve?

Homo Habilis 2. 5 million years Homo Erectus 1. 5 million years

What do the differences in the skull suggest? ____________________________ Virtual lab – Hominoid skulls Hominid Skulls

C Acurate measurements are taken to compare fossils. • A line is drawn over the eye socket from front to back of skull • A line is drawn under the eye socket from front to back of skull • A line is drawn from the highest point on the top of skull to lower line. B A Supraorbital index : Using a metric ruler, 1. Multiply the value of BC by 100 ____ 2. Divide the result by AC ____ Size of Brain / Intelligence What is the supraorbital index measuring? _______________

PRIMATE EVOLUTION “Before Monkey” PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEYS OLD WORLD MONKEYS APES HUMANS 40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

PRIMATE EVOLUTION “Before Monkey” PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEYS OLD WORLD MONKEYS Common Ancestor of Human and Chimpanzee APES HUMANS 40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

PRIMATE EVOLUTION “Before Monkey” PROSIMIANS NEW WORLD MONKEYS OLD WORLD MONKEYS Common Ancestor shared between Hominids APES HUMANS 40 MILLION 30 MILLION 10 MILLION

Process Box 7 Someone tells you that they do not believe in evolution because “people don’t come from monkeys. ” In 5 lines, explain why this person’s thinking about evolution is erroneous.

Creationists argue that speciation has never been seen. Here’s part of a December 31, 2008, posting by Jonathan Wells on the Web site of the antithetically named Discovery Institute: “Darwinism depends on the splitting of one species into two, which then diverge and split and diverge and split, over and over again, to produce the branching-tree pattern required by Darwin’s theory. And this sort of speciation has never been observed. ” The claim makes me think of the trial where a man was charged with biting off another man’s ear in a bar fight. An eyewitness to the fracas took the stand. The defense attorney asked, “Did you actually see with your own eyes my client bite off the ear in question? ” The witness said, “No. ” The attorney pounced: “So how can you be so sure that the defendant actually bit off the ear? ” To which the witness replied, “I saw him spit it out. ” We have the fossils, the intermediate forms, the comparative anatomy, the genomic homologies—we’ve seen what evolution spits out.

__Body Comparisons__ ___Fossils___________________________ __Embryos___________

Complex Organisms 1. Remains of once__________ living things __________ Newest Layer of Rock __________ 2. Found in earth’s crust within __________ sedimentary rock ____________________ Oldest Layer of Rock Simple Organisms

Shows common traits in organisms which determine relationships/evolution 1. Body Structure _______________ a. Bones: (Number of bones, Length of bones, etc) _____________________ b. Skulls: (Size of, Position of, Similarities of, etc) _____________________ 2. Body Chemistry ________________ a. DNA _____ b. Blood

Features that are similar in structure but appear _______________________ in different organisms and have different _____________________________________________ functions. Their appearance across different species offers strong Common descent evidence for ___________________

Structures that perform a similar function BUT _______________________ are not similar in origin. _______________________ These structures do not provide evidence for a Common ancestor ____________

Remnants of _________ or _________ that ORGANS STRUCTURES had a function in an early ancestor. WINGS OF FLIGHTLESS BIRDS (Cassowary) (Ostrich) SEX ORGANS (Dandelions) HIND LEG BONES IN SNAKES PELVIC BONES (Baloon (Boa or Python) Whale) VESTIGIAL BEHAVIORS-FAKE SEX (Virgin Whiptail Lizards) BLIND EYES (Astyanax Mexicanus)

Structure of organisms Skulls of fossil Hominidae Australopithecus robustus Evolution from different CLASSES _______ of animals Homo habilis & H. sapiens Homo erectus Homo sapiens neanderthalis Evolution within same ORDER ________ of animals

1. The study of __________ embryos ____________________ 2. Show common ancestry __________ 3. Show common __________ traits __________ Which one is human? How does evolution work VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE - body part that no longer has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of humans

Molecular and genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence. o Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNA sequences.

Process Box 8: Describe 4 types of evidence for evolution. Be sure to include how the evidence supports theory of evolution.

1. COMPETITION: __struggle among living things to get their needs_______________ 2. EVOLUTION : _change in hereditary features in a group of organisms over time_________ 3. EXTINCT : _life-form that no longer exists_______________________ 4. FERTILE : ___can produce viable egg and sperm__________________ 5. FOSSIL : __remains of once living things from the past___________________ 6. NATURAL SELECTION _something in a living thing’s surroundings will determine if it will survive __ 7. NEW-WORLD MONKEY _tails that can grasp and nostrils that open upward_________ 8. OLD-WORLD MONKEY __cannot grasp with tails and have downward nostrils_________ 9. OPPOSABLE THUMB: _thumb that is positioned opposite of other fingers_________ 10. PRIMATE: _have eyes that face forward and thumbs that grasp_______________ 11. SEDIMENTARY ROCK: _form from mud, sand other fine particles______________ 12. SPECIES: __group of living things that can produce fertile offspring _____________ 13. VARIATION: _a trait that makes an individual different from others of its species________ 14. VESTIGIAL STRUCTURE: _body part that no longer has a function appendix and pink lump in eye of humans

o http: //discovermagazine. com/2013/m arch/14 -interbreeding-neanderthals

Type I 1. What does evolution mean to you in everyday language? 2. What does evolution mean to you in the language of science?

Type I Making Predictions/Making Connections: What does the concepts of ‘Geological Change’ have to do with the concept of ‘Evolution’?

Type I Understanding Write down three organisms and describe how they are adapted to their environment.

Type I Talk in your group about the evolution of the human. Develop a theory of how the human came to be.

Type I List and describe different forms of evidence that provide proof that evolution has/continues to take place.

Type I Give an example of interspecific and intraspecific variations in organisms. 1. 2.

Type I Go back to the process box where you ‘listed and described different forms of evidence that provide proof that evolution’. Now list two other types of evidence that you didn’t consider initially. Circle the type of evidence you feel is the greatest form of proof.

Type I How do you suppose elephants are from both Asia and Africa?

Type I How do organisms acquire their adaptations? What is the source of new traits/adaptations?