Evolution GIANT MISCONCEPTION MAN DOES NOT COME FROM

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Evolution GIANT MISCONCEPTION MAN DOES NOT COME FROM APES. WE SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR.

Evolution GIANT MISCONCEPTION MAN DOES NOT COME FROM APES. WE SHARE A COMMON ANCESTOR.

What is theory of EVOLUTION? • Scientific explanation vs. Religious explanation • Different theories

What is theory of EVOLUTION? • Scientific explanation vs. Religious explanation • Different theories of evolution exist. In this class we will only focus on the scientific theory. You are a free thinking individual and have the right to believe in theory of your choice!

Evolution • Evolution is a change over a period of time. • Evolution is

Evolution • Evolution is a change over a period of time. • Evolution is the process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms.

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution • In 1809, Lamarck proposed that by choosing to use,

Lamarck’s Theory of Evolution • In 1809, Lamarck proposed that by choosing to use, or not use, an organ, different organisms acquired or lost certain traits over time. These traits could be passed on to offspring; and in this process a species changed over time.

A closer look at Lamarck • Principle of Use and Disuse – organisms can

A closer look at Lamarck • Principle of Use and Disuse – organisms can control and change their size and shape by using their bodies in different ways. By trying to use their front limbs for flying Birds eventually changed limbs into wings.

A closer look at Lamarck continued… • Principle of Acquired Traits – the concept

A closer look at Lamarck continued… • Principle of Acquired Traits – the concept that acquired characteristics could be inherited. During its lifetime an animal somehow can change its body structure

According to Lamarck if you spend your life lifting weights your children will have

According to Lamarck if you spend your life lifting weights your children will have giant muscles too! Yeah! Pump it UP

Charles Darwin – the man, the myth, the legend! • Born in England in

Charles Darwin – the man, the myth, the legend! • Born in England in 1809 Darwin set sail on an adventure that would change the world of science! • He is considered the “father of evolution”

H. M. S. Beagle

H. M. S. Beagle

Some of Darwin’s Questions • Why are there no rabbits in Australia when the

Some of Darwin’s Questions • Why are there no rabbits in Australia when the environment is perfect for rabbits? • Why are there no kangaroos in England? • Why do fossils sometimes resemble species that are still alive?

Glyptodon Fossil Armadillo

Glyptodon Fossil Armadillo

Saddle back tortoise – Hood Island, Galapagos

Saddle back tortoise – Hood Island, Galapagos

Dome Shelled Tortoise – Isabela Island, Galapagos

Dome Shelled Tortoise – Isabela Island, Galapagos

Beaks of Finches • Darwin noticed 14 different beak shapes in the finches he

Beaks of Finches • Darwin noticed 14 different beak shapes in the finches he saw on the Galapagos • The beaks seemed well adapted to the available food sources on the different islands.

Flightless cormorant • Only found on two of the Galapagos islands. • Only 800

Flightless cormorant • Only found on two of the Galapagos islands. • Only 800 pairs left • Lost ability to fly

Blue Footed Booby Video • http: //media. pbs. org/ramgen/odyssey/2000 0713_video. rm? altplay=20000713_video. r m

Blue Footed Booby Video • http: //media. pbs. org/ramgen/odyssey/2000 0713_video. rm? altplay=20000713_video. r m

Putting Darwin’s Ideas Together • Darwin did not complete his conclusions about evolution until

Putting Darwin’s Ideas Together • Darwin did not complete his conclusions about evolution until 29 years after he began his journey to the Galapagos • He summarized his findings in his revolutionary book, THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES in 1859

Natural Selection • It was once thought that species could evolve based on their

Natural Selection • It was once thought that species could evolve based on their needs. • However, today we know that this does not happen • Charles Darwin proposed a mechanism by which organisms evolve (and called it Natural Selection)

1) Do Question Packet p. 1 -3 2) Get your UPCO pages 3) Check

1) Do Question Packet p. 1 -3 2) Get your UPCO pages 3) Check If you are missing labs – Due tomorrow!!

1. Overproduction: • More offspring are produced, than can actually survive “Of course, long

1. Overproduction: • More offspring are produced, than can actually survive “Of course, long before you mature, most of you will be eaten”

2. Reproduction • We know that sexual reproduction and random genetic change (mutations) result

2. Reproduction • We know that sexual reproduction and random genetic change (mutations) result in variations among individuals • We also know that the genetic instructions for our traits are passed on to new generations in the form of genes (DNA) • The genes that give the organisms an advantage have an adaptive value and are passed on to future generations

3. Variation • • • Wilt Chamberlain (7’ 1, 275 lbs. ) and Willie

3. Variation • • • Wilt Chamberlain (7’ 1, 275 lbs. ) and Willie Shoemaker (4’ 11, 99 lbs) Individual members of a population within a species have heritable differences These individual differences or traits are passed on to new generations Darwin hypothesized that these variations are random

Sources of Genetic Variation • Today we know that there are 2 sources for

Sources of Genetic Variation • Today we know that there are 2 sources for genetic variation or differences among organisms • 1. Mutations – random changes in the DNA base sequences – They can only be passed on to future generations if they occur in the gametes

ources of Genetic Variation Sources • 2. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction – Both processes

ources of Genetic Variation Sources • 2. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction – Both processes allow for genetic shuffling

Why are variations good? • Variations lead to biodiversity. • The more variations in

Why are variations good? • Variations lead to biodiversity. • The more variations in organisms, the more stable the ecosystem is because variations increase the likelihood that some organisms will survive and create new future generations

4. Struggle for Survival • • Offspring compete for resources (food and shelter) and

4. Struggle for Survival • • Offspring compete for resources (food and shelter) and survival. Only those individuals who, due to their unique characteristics, are best able to survive in a given environment survive and pass on their advantageous traits to their offspring • (“Survival of the Fittest”)

What happens when a species is does not have an adaptation that is necessary

What happens when a species is does not have an adaptation that is necessary to its environment? EXTINCTION

 • QUIZ

• QUIZ

The Peppered Moth • The 19 th Century pollution caused by the Industrial Revolution

The Peppered Moth • The 19 th Century pollution caused by the Industrial Revolution blackened tree trunks and killed off the lichens that grew on the bark. • A mutant moth (black) was better camouflaged and spread through the population

Can you read the words below? Can you see me?

Can you read the words below? Can you see me?

Green vs. Brown Grasshoppers

Green vs. Brown Grasshoppers

Types of adaptations • Camouflage – ability to blend in with one’s surroundings

Types of adaptations • Camouflage – ability to blend in with one’s surroundings

Countershading

Countershading

Mimicry

Mimicry

Hazard colors warn predators that they are toxic!

Hazard colors warn predators that they are toxic!

Poisonous Coral Snake

Poisonous Coral Snake

Poisonous Berries

Poisonous Berries

Darwin’s Evolution • Common Descent – all living things share common ancestry • Man

Darwin’s Evolution • Common Descent – all living things share common ancestry • Man does NOT come from apes, but man and apes share a common ancestor

Evolution The Evolution of humans documentary 2014 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ms. HE

Evolution The Evolution of humans documentary 2014 • https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=Ms. HE An. PX 59 Y

Evidence of Evolution • • • Fossil Record Homologous Structures Vestigial Structures Analogous Structures

Evidence of Evolution • • • Fossil Record Homologous Structures Vestigial Structures Analogous Structures Embryology DNA evidence

1) The Fossil Record • Fossils that formed in rock over the course of

1) The Fossil Record • Fossils that formed in rock over the course of time are evidence that species have been gradually changing for millions of years.

2) Homologous Structures • Homologous Structures – different body parts from various species have

2) Homologous Structures • Homologous Structures – different body parts from various species have different functions yet are composed of the same bones and all stem from the same embryonic cells

Homologous Structures

Homologous Structures

3) Vestigial Structures • Vestigial structures / organs – a structure or organ that

3) Vestigial Structures • Vestigial structures / organs – a structure or organ that has no function • May be evidence that the structure was useful to a common ancestor • Ex: human appendix

Vestigial Structure in Whales

Vestigial Structure in Whales

Structures that were thought to be vestigial. We now know the function of some

Structures that were thought to be vestigial. We now know the function of some structures.

4) Analogous Structures • Structures that share the same function but is NOT derived

4) Analogous Structures • Structures that share the same function but is NOT derived from a common ancestor

5) Embryonic Evidence • In the early embryonic stages of development many vertebrates (animals

5) Embryonic Evidence • In the early embryonic stages of development many vertebrates (animals with backbones) are so similar they are difficult to tell apart.

6) DNA Evidence of Evolution • Many organisms have similar DNA sequences • Humans

6) DNA Evidence of Evolution • Many organisms have similar DNA sequences • Humans and Bonobos share 98. 4% of the same DNA

Cladograms-diagrams that show evolutionary relationships

Cladograms-diagrams that show evolutionary relationships

SIMPLE TO COMPLEX • In general, simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms.

SIMPLE TO COMPLEX • In general, simple organisms evolve into more complex organisms.

TYPES OF EVOLUTION

TYPES OF EVOLUTION

Punctuated Equilibrium/Evolution • States that evolution of species occurs very abruptly. Cladograms have abrupt

Punctuated Equilibrium/Evolution • States that evolution of species occurs very abruptly. Cladograms have abrupt right angles on branches. • Example bacteria

Gradualism • Cladograms show that evolution of species occurs over the course of a

Gradualism • Cladograms show that evolution of species occurs over the course of a long period of time • Ex: Humans

Currently gradualism is the accepted theory of evolution

Currently gradualism is the accepted theory of evolution

How fast do species evolve? • In organisms that reproduce few offspring and have

How fast do species evolve? • In organisms that reproduce few offspring and have long life cycles, evolution takes place very slowly. • Ex: Humans

How fast do species evolve? • Evolution is much faster in organisms with short

How fast do species evolve? • Evolution is much faster in organisms with short life cycles that produce many offspring • Ex: Resistance in bacteria and insects

Bacteria Resistance • In bacteria we see evolution taking place with the appearance of

Bacteria Resistance • In bacteria we see evolution taking place with the appearance of antibiotic resistant bacteria. • When a colony of bacteria form, some may have natural variations that make them better adapted. • When antibiotics are taken, the antibiotic resistant bacteria are not killed. • They then can reproduce creating a population dominated by antibiotic resistant bacteria

Insecticide Resistance • When insecticides are used, some insects have variations that make them

Insecticide Resistance • When insecticides are used, some insects have variations that make them immune to the insecticide. • These insects are not killed. • They survive and reproduce creating a new population of insects that are insecticide resistant

 • Mutations/sexual reproduction • Roundup kills only the non resistant weeds. Resistant pigweed

• Mutations/sexual reproduction • Roundup kills only the non resistant weeds. Resistant pigweed survived and reproduced. • Only the resistant pigweed survived and reproduced. • Use natural enemies.

 • There are variation in bacteria (some are resistant to antibiotics) • The

• There are variation in bacteria (some are resistant to antibiotics) • The bacteria with the resistance will survive and reproduce. • The bacteria with resistance has a higher chances of survival and will pass on favorable trait to succeeding generations.