Evolution Evolution is the process by which populations

Evolution

• Evolution- is the process by which populations accumulate inherited changes over time

Adaptation- a characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment Examples: Finding food For protection For moving from place to place

• Endangered: when a species almost ______ dies out completely • Extinction of a species occurs when the environment ______ changes and the adaptive characteristics of a species are ______ insufficient to permit its ____. survival (The environment changes more quickly than a species can adapt. ) – Extinction of a species is common.

• Evidence of Evolution – Fossils- the solidified remains or imprints of once living organisms – Fossil record- historical sequence of life – Vestigial structures- remnants of once useful structures – Scientists use 3 ways organisms can be compared to support theory that we came from a common ancestor: • Skeletal structures • DNA • Embryonic structures

Three types of adaptations that help an organism survive: • Structural: Physical features (bird’s beak) • Behavioral: Way an organism acts, learned or instinct (migration) • Physiological: Allows an organism to perform special functions within the body (metamorphosis, making poison to secete from the skin)

Charles Darwin • Made observations that later became the foundations for his theory of Evolution by natural selection • Observed Finch’s and plants on Galapagos Islands

• Selective Breeding (Artificial Selection) is when humans not nature, select which traits will be passed along to the next generation • Natural selection- the process by which organisms with favorable traits survive and reproduce at higher rates than organisms without the favorable traits. Also known as “survival of the fittest”. *Example: peppered moth

• Steps 1. 2. 3. 4. Overproduction Genetic variation Struggle to survive Successful reproduction The variations Darwin observed among the individuals of a population of finches were caused by natural selection. Natural Selection Clearly Stated Mutation – anything that can damage or cause changes in DNA.

Generation Time -the period between the birth of one generation and the birth of the next generation SPECIATION--Formation of a new ______ species 1. Separation 1. Mountain range 2. Lake 3. Canyon 2. Adaptation 3. Division

• FOSSILS are evidence that a great variety of species existed in the past • Many thousands of layers of sedimentary rock provide evidence for the long history of Earth and for the long history of changing life forms whose remains are found in the rocks. • Recently deposited rock layers are more likely to contain fossils resembling existing species

• Age of Fossils: – Relative dating: ordering fossils to estimate their age – Absolute dating: the method use to measure the ratio of unstable atoms to stable atoms, which helps scientist determine the approximate age of a fossil.

Oldest fossils are in the bottom layer.

Types of Rocks • Metamorphic • Igneous • Sedimentary- where fossils are found

• Pangaea - a single landmass of the earth. Fossils of the same organisms have been found in many different parts of the world. These fossils provide evidence that the continents were once joined together.

• Plate Tectonics- forces that drive the movement of _____ pieces of Earth's crust around the surface of the planet

• Some possible “forces” that cause the Earth’s crust to move: Form due to volcanic eruptions and earthquakes 7 large rigid plates • There are currently ___

The Geological Time Scale ‘Eras” – the calendar scientists use to outline the history of life on earth.

Eras on the Geological Time Scale Precambrian Era (oldest) Paleozoic Era Mesozoic Era – Era that dinosaurs lived in Cenozoic Era – sometimes called the Age of Mammals

• Define Hominid Humans and their human like ancestors • Describe what is known about the differences between humans and their human like ancestors. -long arms -pelvis tilt • Similarities *Opposable Thumb