Evolution and Signatures of Helical Magnetic Fields Tina

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Evolution and Signatures of Helical Magnetic Fields Tina Kahniashvili Mc. Williams Center for Cosmology

Evolution and Signatures of Helical Magnetic Fields Tina Kahniashvili Mc. Williams Center for Cosmology Carnegie Mellon University & Abastumani Astrophysical Observatory Ilia State University NORDITA June 24 2015

Based On Kahniashvili, Maravin, Lavrelashvili, Kosowsky PRD 2014 Kahniashvili, Tevzadze, Brandenburg, Neronov, PRD 2013

Based On Kahniashvili, Maravin, Lavrelashvili, Kosowsky PRD 2014 Kahniashvili, Tevzadze, Brandenburg, Neronov, PRD 2013 Tevzadze, Kisslinger, Brandenburg, Kahniashvili, Ap. J 2013 Ongoing Collaboration (papers in preparation) Axel Brandenburg, Ruth Durrer, Victoria Merten, Alexander Tevzadze, Tanmay Vachaspati, Winston Yin

Cosmic Magnetic Fields Earth MF Interstellar MF Galaxy MF Sun MF

Cosmic Magnetic Fields Earth MF Interstellar MF Galaxy MF Sun MF

How do we observe cosmic magnetic fields? Electromagnetic waves & Effects induced by magnetic

How do we observe cosmic magnetic fields? Electromagnetic waves & Effects induced by magnetic fields

Magnetic Helicity Solar activity: Sunspots Solar flares Coronal mass ejection Solar wind Magnetic helicity

Magnetic Helicity Solar activity: Sunspots Solar flares Coronal mass ejection Solar wind Magnetic helicity reflects mirror symmetry (parity) breaking DIFFICULT TO DETECT cosmic rays: Kahniashvili & Vachaspati 2006 gamma-rays: Tashiro and Vachaspati 2011

Gamma Rays vs Magnetic Helicity Tashiro and Vachaspati 2015 Tashiro, Chen, Francesc, Vachaspati 2014

Gamma Rays vs Magnetic Helicity Tashiro and Vachaspati 2015 Tashiro, Chen, Francesc, Vachaspati 2014 Chen, Chowdhury, Francesc, Tashiro, Vachaspati 2014

Primordial Magnetic Field Hypothesis F. Hoyle in Proc. “La structure et l’evolution de l’Universe”

Primordial Magnetic Field Hypothesis F. Hoyle in Proc. “La structure et l’evolution de l’Universe” (1958) u u u Inflation Phase transitions Supersymmetry String Cosmology Topological defects Springel Millenium simulations

Magnetogenesis u Inflation (Turner & Widrow 1988, Ratra 1992) u • The correlation length

Magnetogenesis u Inflation (Turner & Widrow 1988, Ratra 1992) u • The correlation length larger than horizon • Scale invariant spectrum • Well agree with the lower bounds u Phase Transitions Diffuculties (Harrisonl 1970, Vachaspati 1991) • Backreaction • Bubble collisions – first order • Symmetries violation phase transitions u QCDPT u EWPT • Causal fields • Limitation of the correlation length u Smoothed and effective fields approaches

Cosmological vs. Astrophysical Magnetogenesis MHD Simulations by Donnert et al. 2008 Ejection Z=4 Z=0

Cosmological vs. Astrophysical Magnetogenesis MHD Simulations by Donnert et al. 2008 Ejection Z=4 Z=0 Primordial Z=4 Z=0

Cosmological Magnetic Fields (Obvious Limits) u BBN limits: 10% of additional relativistic component •

Cosmological Magnetic Fields (Obvious Limits) u BBN limits: 10% of additional relativistic component • 0. 1 – 1 micro. Gauss (comoving value) Grasso and Rubistein 2000 u Yamazaki and Kusakabe 2012 u Kawasaki and Kusakabe 2012 u u Faraday Rotation Measure • At z~2 -3 micro. Gauss Bernet et al. 2009 u Kronberg et al. 2008 u

Magnetized CMB Perturbations Faraday rotation does not depend on magnetic helicity u Density perturbations

Magnetized CMB Perturbations Faraday rotation does not depend on magnetic helicity u Density perturbations - scalar mode • Fast and slow magnetosound waves Adams et al. 1996 u Jedamzik, Katalinic, Olinto, 1996 u u Vorticity perturbations - vector mode • Alfven waves Subramanian and Baroow, 1998 u Durrer, Kahniashvili, and Yates, 1998 u u Gravitational waves - tensor Mode Deryagin et al. 1986 u Durrer, Ferreira, Kahniashvili 2000 u

Modeling Helical Magnetic Field Kahniashvili, Kosowsky, Lavrelashvili, Maravin, 2014

Modeling Helical Magnetic Field Kahniashvili, Kosowsky, Lavrelashvili, Maravin, 2014

Magnetic Helicity Effects on CMB • Parity-even fluctuations Temperature - Temperature u Temperature -

Magnetic Helicity Effects on CMB • Parity-even fluctuations Temperature - Temperature u Temperature - E polarization u E-polarization – E-polarization u B-polarization – B-polarization u • Parity-odd fluctuations Temperature – B-polarization u E-polarization – B-polarization u Pogosian, Vachaspati, and Winitski 2000, Caprini, Durrer, and Kahniashvili, 2003, Kahniashvili and Ratra 2005, Kunze 2012, Kahniashvili, et al. 2014, Balardini, Finelli, and Paoletti, 2014

Magnetic Helicity vs. WMAP 9 years data Kahniashvili, Kosowsky, Lavrelashvili, Maravin, 2014

Magnetic Helicity vs. WMAP 9 years data Kahniashvili, Kosowsky, Lavrelashvili, Maravin, 2014

Magnetic Helicity Effects

Magnetic Helicity Effects

Magnetic Helicity Limits Kahniashvili, Kosowsky, Lavrelashvili, Maravin, 2014

Magnetic Helicity Limits Kahniashvili, Kosowsky, Lavrelashvili, Maravin, 2014

Phenomenology u If the magnetic field has been generated through a causal process in

Phenomenology u If the magnetic field has been generated through a causal process in the early universe it’s correlation length could not exceed the Hubble horizon at the moment of the generation

MHD Modeling u Coupling of the magnetic field with primordial plasma u Brandenburg, Kahniashvili,

MHD Modeling u Coupling of the magnetic field with primordial plasma u Brandenburg, Kahniashvili, Tevzadze 2014 Injection of the magnetic energy at a given scale (phase transition bubble)

Modeling Magnetic Field smoothed vs. effective magnetic field Kahniashvili, Tevzadze, Brandenburg, Neronov 2013 one-scale

Modeling Magnetic Field smoothed vs. effective magnetic field Kahniashvili, Tevzadze, Brandenburg, Neronov 2013 one-scale (delta function) magnetic field

Phase Transitions Generated Magnetic Field Phenomenology u u Non-helical field Helical field • Helicity

Phase Transitions Generated Magnetic Field Phenomenology u u Non-helical field Helical field • Helicity conservation law

Kahniashvili, Tevzadze, Brandenburg, Neronov 2013

Kahniashvili, Tevzadze, Brandenburg, Neronov 2013

Kahniashvili, Tevzadze, Brandenburg, Neronov 2013

Kahniashvili, Tevzadze, Brandenburg, Neronov 2013

Magnetic field from QCD Phase Transitions Tevzadze, Kisslinger, Brandenburg, Kahniashvili 2012 Our analysis show

Magnetic field from QCD Phase Transitions Tevzadze, Kisslinger, Brandenburg, Kahniashvili 2012 Our analysis show that in the most optimistic scenario the magnetic correlation length in the comoving frame can reach 10 kpc with the amplitude of the effective magnetic field being 0. 007 n. G. We demonstrate that the considered model of magneto-genesis can provide the seed magnetic field for galaxies and clusters.

Magnetic Helicity Growth Tevzadze, Kisslinger, Brandenburg, Kahniashvili 2012 u u The correlation length should

Magnetic Helicity Growth Tevzadze, Kisslinger, Brandenburg, Kahniashvili 2012 u u The correlation length should satisfy: Fractional magnetic helicity grows until it reaches its maximal value

Helical Magnetic Fields Decay Brandenburg, Kahniashvili, Tevzadze 2015 Causal fields – correlation length limitation

Helical Magnetic Fields Decay Brandenburg, Kahniashvili, Tevzadze 2015 Causal fields – correlation length limitation u n. B=2 or n. B=0 Inverse Cascade

Helical Magnetic Fields Decay Vachaspati 2001

Helical Magnetic Fields Decay Vachaspati 2001

Helical Magnetic Field Brandenburg, Kahniashvili, Tevzadze 2015

Helical Magnetic Field Brandenburg, Kahniashvili, Tevzadze 2015

Inflationary Magnetic Helicity Magnetic field correlation length might be as large as the Hubble

Inflationary Magnetic Helicity Magnetic field correlation length might be as large as the Hubble horizon today or even larger (infinity) Can we see the imprints of an a-causal field? Kahniashvili, Brandenburg, Durrer, Tevzadze, Yin, 2015

Inflation Generated Helical Magnetic Field Kahniashvili, Brandenburgh, Durrer, Tevzadze, Yin 2015 The absence of

Inflation Generated Helical Magnetic Field Kahniashvili, Brandenburgh, Durrer, Tevzadze, Yin 2015 The absence of inverse cascade for Inflation generated magnetic fields

Helical Magnetic Fields Scaling Laws Brandenburg, Kahniashvili, Tevzadze 2015

Helical Magnetic Fields Scaling Laws Brandenburg, Kahniashvili, Tevzadze 2015

Conclusion u u The lower bound of the extragalactic magnetic field favors a primordial

Conclusion u u The lower bound of the extragalactic magnetic field favors a primordial magnetogenesis approach (in particular, helical magnetic fields) The primordial magnetic field might be a plausible explanation for the galaxy magnetic field Cosmological magnetic field order of 0. 1 nano. Gauss can be detectable by the nearest future CMB polarization and LSS measurements On the other hand, if the field is significantly smaller – it would satisfy the LOWER limit bound but would not been observable through cosmological observations