Evolution and Biblical Creation Fish Salamander Turtle Chicken

进化论和圣经中神的创造 Evolution and Biblical Creation

Fish Salamander Turtle Chicken Pig Cow Rabbit Human (by Ernst Haeckel, Bodleian Library, University of Oxford, Plates 4 & 5 from 18917 d. 25)

Developmental stage ( 发 育 时 期 The Hourglass Model 日晷模型 ) 胚胎重演论 (Ontogeny recaptulates phylogeny) Morphological divergence during evolution (进化过程中形态上的差异 )

“Contrary to recent claims that all vertebrate embryos pass through a stage when they are the same size, we find a greater than 10 -fold variation in greatest length at the tailbud stage. Our survey seriously undermines the credibility of Haeckel’s drawings, which depicts not a conserved stage for vertebrates, but a stylised amniote embryo. ”

a. 海洋七腮鳗 Pectromyzon marinus b. 电鳐 Torpedo ocellata d. 多米尼加树蛙 e. 欧洲鳖 Eleutherodactylus coqui Emys orbicularis g. 袋鼠 Trichosurus vulpecula c. 小体鲟 Acipenser ruthenus f. 鸡 Gallus gallus h. 家猫 Felis catus

“ The present generation cannot imagine the role he played in his time, far beyond his actual scientific performance … Haeckel’s easy hand at drawing made him improve on nature and put more into the illustrations than he saw … one had the impression that he first made a sketch from nature and then drew an ideal picture as he saw it in his mind. ” R. B. Goldschmidt, The Golden Age of Zoology

用 进 废 退 The Principle of Use and Disuse 反面证据 1. 2. 3. Jean Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Monet de Lamarck (1744 - 1829) Giraffes generally feed from low shrubs during the dry season. Disproportional change of other parts of the body Disadvantages of a long neck

达尔文和物种起源 Charles Robert Darwin (18091882) 1854年, 45岁 Nov. 22, 1859 “The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection: Or, the Preservation of Favored Races in the Struggle for Life” 1880年, 71岁

H. M. S. Beagle, 1835 Columbia Ecuador Peru Brazil Bolivia Chile Galapagos Islands

Evolution and Human Behavior Official Journal of the Human Behavior and Evolution Society 分 子 进 化

Blue Jay (Cyanocitta cristata) f. typica f. carbonaria Wales农村 Liverpool

污染区 (Rubery near Birmingham) 非污染区 (Deanend near Dorset) 飞蛾 放飞数 重新俘获数 飞蛾 放飞数 黑 447 123(27. 5%) 黑 406 19(4. 68%) 白 137 18(13. 0%) 白 393 54(13. 74%) Kettlewell H. B. D. Heredity 1955; 9: 323 -342. 鸟类对飞蛾的捕食 重新俘获数 Kettlewell H. B. D. Heredity 1956; 10: 287 -301. Conclusion 森林 黑 白 污染区 15 43 非污染区 164 26 Kettlewell H. B. D. Ann Rev. Entomol 1961; 6: 245 -262. Industrial melanism is due to cryptic coloration and selective predation.

“We contend, however, that there is little persuasive evidence, in the form of rigorous and replicated observations and experiments, to support this explanation at the present time. We suggest that more attention be directed to assessing ways in which typical 树荫下的小树枝 and melanic morphs differ, other than in adult 树干 coloration, and to devising and testing alternative hypotheses. ” Sargent TD, Millar CD and Lambert DM (1998) The “classical” explanation of industrial melanism: assessing the evidence. Evolutionary Biology 30: 299 -322.

人 界 Kingdom Carl von Linné or Carolus Linnaeus, 1707 -1778 动物界 Animalia 门 Phylum 脊索动物门 Chordata 纲 Class 哺乳动物纲 Mammalia 目 Order 原长目 Primates 科 Family 人科 Hominidae 属 Genus 人属 Homo 种 Species 人种 Homo sapiens

达尔文的主要错误 观察 Observation 归纳 Deduction 现象 Evidence 科学规律 Scientific Law 演绎 Induction 求证 Verification Galapagos群岛鸟类受 环境影响产生的变异 人 育种 广进化论 (microevolution) 微进化论 (macroevolution)

Colin Patterson Senior Paleontologist, British Natural History Museum Can you tell me anything you know about evolution, any one thing… that is true? I tried that question on the geology staff at the Field Museum of Natural History and the only answer I got was silence. I tried it on the members of the Evolutionary Morphology seminar in the University of Chicago, a very prestigious body of evolutionists, and all I got there was silence for a long time and eventually one person said “I do know one thing – it ought not to be taught in high school. ” — Lecture given at the American Museum of Natural History, 1981

自然进化论是自然主义科学哲学的产物 “It (creationism) fails to display the most basic characteristic of science: reliance upon naturalistic explanations. Instead, proponents of ‘creationism’ hold that the creation of the universe, the earth, living things, and man was accomplished Science pursues Truth without God through supernatural means inaccessible to human understanding. ” “Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences”, 1984 “What is your alternative? ” Thomas H. Huxley, Darwin’s Bulldog

自然进化论是形而上学 “Darwin made it possible to be an intellectually fulfilled atheist. ” “It is absolutely safe to say that, if you meet somebody who claims not to believe in evolution, that person is ignorant, stupid or insane (or wicked, but I’d rather not consider that). ” — Richard Dawkins, Oxford Zoologist, “The Blind Watchmaker”, 1986

William Provine Cornell University, Professor, Historian of Science. • Modern science directly implies that there are no inherent moral or ethical laws, no absolute guiding principles for human society. • Human beings are marvelously complex machines. The individual human becomes an ethical person by means of two primary mechanisms: heredity and environmental influences. That is all there is. • We must conclude that when we die, and that is the end of us. • Free will as it is traditionally conceived – the freedom to make uncoerced and unpredictable choices among alternative possible courses of action – simply does not exist…. There is no way that the evolutionary process as currently conceived can produce a being that is fully free to make choices. ”