Evidence of Evolution What evidence do we have

Evidence of Evolution

ßWhat evidence do we have that life has evolved gradually from simple life forms to complex life forms over millions of years?

There are 4 major types of Evidence that Evolution has occurred. 1. Fossil Evidence 2. Comparative Anatomy and Vestigial Structures 3. Similar Embryonic Development 4. Biochemical similarities

Evidence of Evolution Fossil Evidence

What is a fossil? ß The preserved or mineralized remains (bone, tooth, or shell) or traces (footprints, burrow, or imprint) of an organism that lived long ago. Ammonite fossil (shell) Dinosaur fossil - (bone)

Fossils come in many forms Shark teeth Dinosaur footprint Imprint of fish

Fossils are very old Trilobite fossils 445 million years ago Beetle fossil 50 million years old Stingray fossil 95 million year old Bird egg fossil 1 million years old

How do We Know How Old things Are? ß Carbon dating half –life of carbon 14 is 5730 years.

How do fossils form? ß Most fossils are laid down in sedimentary rock -(particles carried by streams and rivers that eventually settle to the bottom in layers) Many fossils in the Grand Canyon

ß The oldest particles, and therefore the oldest fossils will be at the bottom, with new layers being added. ß The deeper down you go, the simpler the life forms are. ß This leads some to believe that life began as simple prokaryotic cells and gradually became more complex because…

Older, simpler fossils at the bottom

What is the “fossil record” ß Over the years, paleontologists (scientists that study fossils) have collected millions of fossils. This groups of fossils is called the Fossil Record ß The fossil record represents the preserved collective history of the Earth’s organisms.

The fossil record shows that some organisms that once lived are now extinct triceratops stegosaurous archeopterous

The fossil record can show that organisms changed gradually over time 60 million years ago Today Fossil record of the whale

Fossil record of the modern horse Today 55 million years ago

Fossil record of the camel Today 40 million years ago

Evidence of Evolution Comparative Anatomy & Vestigial Structures

A. Comparative Anatomy: The limbs of all of these organisms are similar in structure even though their function may be different

ß As vertebrates evolved, particular sets of bones were sometimes put to different uses…This may indicate a common ancestry

Some animals appear to have structures that no longer serve a function – (called vestigial structures) ß Vestigial leg bones in a python

ß Vestigial wings in a flightless bird Ex a penguin and an ostrich

Human appendix is vestigial ß The human appendix has no function in humans but is very important in horses and other animals

Human tailbone is a vestigial vertebrate tail Human tail bone consists of fused vertebrae that no longer function as a tail

Evidence of Evolution Embryological Development

Similarities in Early Development

ß Similar development must mean similar genes at work ß Similar genes indicated common ancestry. ß Differences in development are caused by genes that have mutated during the course of evolution.

Biochemical Evidence of Evolution ß Hemoglobin in the blood

ß The more similar two organisms are, the more similar their DNA is. ß This would indicate that they animals evolved from a common ancestor.