EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION 432017 Notebook item 76 WHAT

EVIDENCE OF EVOLUTION 4/3/2017 Notebook item 76

WHAT IS THE EVIDENCE THAT LIFE DEVELOPED THIS WAY ON EARTH? Analogies: Birds are to dinosaurs as humans are to ______. Wood is to a carpenter as protein is to ____.

Warm Up March 22, 2018 1. What is speciation? 2. What is essential for speciation to occur? Explain your answer… 3. We have learned that mutations are often bad. How could a mutation be considered positive? Explain your answer… Objectives: 8. L. 4. 1 and 4. 2 -TSWU the difference between a homologous structure and an analogous structure. Essential Question: -How can characteristics of an organism show they might be related? -What evidence proves that organisms evolve from preexisting organisms?

Warm Up March 23, 18 1. Why do you believe that mammals were best suited to survive the meteor that smashed into Earth 65 million years ago? 2. What is the difference between a physical variation and a behavioral variation? 3. Of all the life ever to exist on our planet over 99% are now extinct. What is your best explanation of this? Objectives: 8. L. 4. 1/4. 2 -TSWU that the evolution of organisms depends on their ability to adapt to changes in their environment. Essential Question: -How do scientists identify changes in Earth’s past?

FOSSILS - You should have these written down! 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. MOLD FOSSILS—organism decayed in sediment leaving an impression of what it looked like as sediment hardened. CAST FOSSILS—when the mold fills in by sediments & hardens leaving a 3 -D shape of that organism. PRESERVED FOSSILS—when an organism or its parts have NOT DECAYED by being trapped in tar, ice, amber, etc. PETRIFIED FOSSILS—when minerals replace the remains of a buried organism, changing them into hard rock. CARBONIZED FOSSIL—when organisms are squeezed between layers, decay and leave carbon imprints in the rock. TRACE FOSSILS—when mud or sands harden where a footprint, trail, or any evidence of an organism was left behind.

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species! 1. FOSSILS

Extinction • The end of an organism or of a group of organisms, usually a species. Mass Extinction* �The extinction of a large number of species within a relatively short period of geological time.

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways new species evolved from older species over many, many generations 2.

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways life evolved over a long time 2. CELL STRUCTURES

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways life evolved over a long time 2. CELL STRUCTURES—are similar among living things

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways life evolved over a long time 2. CELL STRUCTURES—are similar among living things 3. DNA— http: //genetics. thetech. org/onlineexhibits/genes-common

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways life evolved over a long time 2. CELL STRUCTURES—are similar among living things 3. Genetic - DNA—the more DNA we share with another species, the closer we are related. http: //genetics. thetech. org/onlineexhibits/genes-common

Human Evolution Human and Gorilla DNA – 92% Human and Chimpanzee – 98. 8% Human and Human DNA – 99. 9% On avg. there are 3 billion base pairs of DNA per human cell. Even at 1. 2%, that’s 35 million differences.

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways life evolved over a long time 2. CELL STRUCTURES—are similar among living things 3. Genetic- DNA—the more DNA we share with another species, the closer we are related. 4. EMBRYOS— http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/evolution/gu ess-embryo. html

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways life evolved over a long time 2. CELL STRUCTURES—are similar among living things 3. Genetic- DNA—the more DNA we share with another species, the closer we are related. 4. EMBRYOS—we all start out life looking the same! http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/evolution/gu ess-embryo. html

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways life evolved over a long time 2. CELL STRUCTURES—are similar among living things 3. Genetic- DNA—the more DNA we share with another species, the closer we are related. 4. EMBRYOS—we all start out life looking the same way! 5. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES--

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways life evolved over a long time 2. CELL STRUCTURES—are similar among living things 3. Genetic-DNA—the more DNA we share with another species, the closer we are related. 4. EMBRYOS—we all start out life looking the same way! 5. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES--physical structures so similar that they strongly indicate a common ancestor, even though they have different functions.

Homologous Features* A feature of different organisms that are similar in origin and structure.

homologous structures…

homologous structures….

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways life evolved over a long time, 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. vestigial structures or organs. CELL STRUCTURES—are similar among living things DNA—the more DNA we share with another species, the closer we are related. EMBRYOS—we all start out life looking the same way! HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES--physical structures so similar that they strongly indicate a common ancestor ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES DO NOT!

Analogous Features* The same feature evolved separately in different organisms but serving the same function.

… analogous structures! • ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES DO THE SAME THING BUT ARE PHYSICALLY DIFFERENT!

homologous or analogous structure? ? ? INSECT EYES MAMMAL EYES

homologous or analogous structure? ? ? PENGUIN FINS FISH FINS

homologous or analogous structure? ? ? HUMAN KIDNEYS DOLPHIN KIDNEYS

homologous or analogous structure? ? ? JELLYFISH TENDRILS OCTOPUS TENTACLES

ANALOGOUS structures are NOT signs of common ancestry!! • ANALOGOUS STRUCTURES DO THE SAME THING BUT ARE PHYSICALLY DIFFERENT!

homologous or analogous structure? ? ? CAULIFLOWER BUDS BROCCOLI FLOWERETTES

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways life evolved over a long time 2. CELL STRUCTURES—are similar among living things 3. DNA—the more DNA we share with another species, the closer we are related. 4. EMBRYOS—we all start out life looking the same way! 5. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES--physical structures so similar that they strongly indicate a common ancestor NOT ANALOGOUS! 6. VESTIGIAL ORGANS—An organ in a species that is no longer used. http: //www. livescience. com/11317 -top-10 -useless-limbs-vestigialorgans. html

Vestigial Organ* An organ in a species that is no longer used.

vestigial organs… • the human appendix

vestigial organs… • hind leg bones on a snake

vestigial organs… • the tail bone of a human

vestigial organs… • our wisdom teeth

Evidence that life EVOLVES from earlier species: 1. FOSSILS—show ways life evolved over a long time 2. CELL STRUCTURES—are similar among living things 3. DNA—the more DNA we share with another species, the closer we are related. 4. EMBRYOS—we all start out life looking the same way! 5. HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES--physical structures so similar that they strongly indicate a common ancestor NOT ANALOGOUS! 6. VESTIGIAL ORGANS—an organ that served a purpose in the distant ancestor of an organism.

Check These Out • http: //www. pbs. org/wgbh/nova/evolution/guess- embryo. html • Pbs. org. Nova • Homologous Structures • http: //app. discoveryeducation. com/search? Ntt=homologo us+structures • Homologous Structures • Discovery Education: Support for the Theory of Evolution