EVI Preliminary Design Review Team Members Justin Schlee

EVI Preliminary Design Review Team Members: Justin Schlee Brendin Johnson Jeff Eggebraaten Anne Mousseau

Outline Problem Statement, Specifications, and Deliverables Project Learning � Vehicle to Grid (V 2 G) � Variable Power Rates � Battery Chargers � Marketing Research Budget Schedule Challenges Future Work 2

Problem Statement The demand for plug-in electric vehicles is increasing rapidly which may pose potential problems in terms of supplying required power to these electric vehicles’ batteries. Idaho Power wants to know what issues the additional load of electric vehicles to the electric grid might cause. 3

Specifications 1) Determine the Effects of Electric Vehicle Battery Charging 2) Research Electric Vehicle Projected Market Population Density 3) Determine the Power Characteristics of a Common Electric Vehicle Battery Charger 4) Determine Mitigation Strategy for Power Quality Issues 4

Deliverables Final Report �EV Power Quality Report �EV Market Research Report �EV Charging Report �Mitigation Strategy Report �Simulation Report Case Study Simulations 5

Power Sellback – V 2 G Benefits �Peak Shaving �Load Regulation Challenges �Harmonics �Protection Tripping �Safety 6

Benefits: Peak Shaving �Electric vehicles could provide power during peak usage, thereby reducing the overall required capacity Load Regulation �Electric vehicles could be used throughout the day to provide and consume power as necessary to compensate for regional fluctuations in power usage 7

Challenges: Harmonics �Inverters used in battery chargers to deliver power back to the grid will introduce harmonics Protection Tripping �Harmonics on the grid could cause voltage and current spikes that may trip protection devices Safety �Power being supplied by an electric vehicle could continue to flow into a fault after all existing protective devices have tripped off-line 8

Direction of Progress Harmonics: �Determine what the most common THD rating of EV chargers is likely to be in the near future �Determine what effects harmonic voltages will have on the power grid �Determine what effects power correction capacitor banks will have on harmonic voltages Load Regulation: �Determine how much total regulation will be available at different market penetration levels �Determine the value of EV regulation to utilities 9

Variable Power Rates Pros of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan: � About 5% of total power usage was shifted to off-peak hours � Overall � An electricity usage was reduced by 6% overall positive reaction from the customers for the incentive to use energy more efficiently Source: Puget Sound Energy 10

Variable Power Rates Cons of PSE’s Variable Rate Plan: � To break even customers would have needed to use more than half their electricity during the lowest rate hours. � This was an inconvenience for some families who felt that the time-of-day plan was incompatible with their lifestyle. Source: Puget Sound Energy 11

Conductive Charger Levels Level 1 Convenience Plug into common wall outlet Level 2 Private/Public Requires EV Supply equipment installation Level 3 Opportunity Requires commercial equipment installation * Receptacle rating (maximum continuous current of 12 A). ** Maximum allowed by standards 1 -Phase 120 V AC, 15 A* AC 1. 44 k. W (max) 1 Phase 208 -240 V AC, 30 -60 A AC 14. 4 k. W (max) 3 Phase 208 -600 V AC, 400 A AC 240 k. W (max)** Source: C. C Chan, K. T. Chau 12

Harmonic Effects of Charging Harmonic Distortion � Excessive harmonics could damage large capacitive banks used for power factor correction � Harmonics could cause over-current, over-voltage and under- voltage protection devices to have false alarms or trip � As harmonic currents flow through the power transformer with a delta connection, the triplen harmonic component can circulate within the delta loop which could result in over heating Source: C. C Chan, K. T. Chau 13

Market Research Why is market research needed? To predict the future number of PHEV’s on the road. 14

Market Research Gathered Information �National Numbers � National Yearly Sales (Autodata) � Projected PHEV new car sales (E. P. R. I. ) � Number of cars on the road per year (D. O. T. ) �Regional Numbers � Number of cars registered in Idaho (Idaho D. M. V) � Number of cars registered in Ada county (Idaho D. M. V) Results �Projected number of PHEV’s in Idaho �Projected number of PHEV’s in Ada county 15

Share of New Vehicle Sales Projected Plug-in Electric Vehicle Market Share Source: EPRI Year 16

Projected Number of PHEV in Ada County 250000 222438. 780192 429 200000 150000 100000 50000 0 2005 176243. 8143249 69 130365. 094258 967 83252. 72665161 32 35585. 95299711 6825. 9197182867 388. 418549728 837 02 2015 2025 Year 2035 17

Budget 18

Schedule 19

Anticipated Problems Time �Working in parallel �Decomposition of Tasks Cost of Reports �IEEE Explore �Energy Insights �EPRI’s Free Reports Learning Curve for Simulation Software �Added Extra Time for Learning �Assigned a Simulation Lead (Jeff) 20

Future Work Project Learning �Syner. GEE Software �System Upgrades �Power Quality Simulations �Base-Line Case Study �Projected Future Load �V 2 G Study �Variable Pricing Study �Power Quality/Mitigation Study 21

Questions? 22

Variable Power Rates Case Study: Puget Sound Energy’s Variable Rate Plan in 2001 � About 300, 000 customers adopted the variable rate plan � Peak Hours: Monday - Saturday � 6: 00 am – 10: 00 am : 6. 35¢/k. Wh � 5: 00 pm – 9: oopm : 6. 35¢/k. W � Medium Rate Hours: Monday - Saturday � 10: 00 am � Lowest – 5: 00 pm : 5. 36 ¢/k. W Rate Hours: Monday - Saturday � 9: 00 pm – 6: 00 am : 4. 7 ¢/k. W � Sundays and holidays : 4. 7 ¢/k. W 23

Market Research Calculations 24

Power (KW) or Battery SOC (%) Load Regulation Source: A. Brooks, T. Gage Integration of Electric Drive Vehicles with the Electric Power Grid -- a New Value Stream Time 25

Basic Charger Information According Hymotion division of A 123 Systems, charging for the batteries they currently use to convert HV to PHEV charge in 5 -5. 5 hours with a current draw of 15 A at 120 V. Source: Battery. University. com 26

Smart Grid Topology 27