Everything you always wanted to know about APA

Everything you always wanted to know about APA (But were afraid to ask) Yiting Chu College of Education Writing Center

What is APA? Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6 th edition

APA General Format 1 -inch (at least) margins on four sides Double-space (including References) 12 -point font (preferred) Times New Roman (preferred) Five-level heading system

APA—Headings Centered, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Flush Left, Boldface, Uppercase and Lowercase Heading Indented, boldface, lowercase paragraph heading with a period. Indented, boldface, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading with a period. Indented, italicized, lowercase paragraph heading with a period.

APA—Headings Example Methodology Text text text text text text. Research Design Text text text text text text. Data collection. Text text text text text. Data sources. Text text text text text. Participants. Text text text text text. Data analysis. Text text text text text text. Results and Discussion

APA In-text Citations Author-Date format The last name of the author is followed directly by the year of publication § Author (Year) e. g. , Chu (2014) argues that … § (Author, Year) e. g. , A research (Chu, 2014) indicates that… In each case, always use a signal phrase.

APA In-text Citations Single source with multiple authors • Two authors: cite both names every time you refer to the work e. g. , Chu and Fisher (2003) state… A study (Chu & Fisher, 2003) shows… • Three to five authors: cite all authors the first time, in subsequent citations, cite the first author, followed by “et al. ” e. g. , Chu, Fisher, and Howell (2014) found… …is also found in a study (Chu et al. , 2014) • Six and plus: cite the first author, followed by “et al. ”

APA In-text Citations Multiple sources, same author § Same author, different years e. g. , Chu (2013, 2014) states that… e. g. , Studies (Chu, 2013, 2014) revealed … § Same author, same year e. g. , Chu (2014 a, 2014 b) notes… Multiple sources, different authors e. g. , Several researchers (Chu, 2013, 2014; Fisher, 1996) find… Different authors with the same last name Use first initials with last names

APA In-text Citations Group as author • Treat the group as the author and list the full name of the group and abbreviation (if included in brackets in the first mention) in subsequent citations No authors or author unknown • Cite the first few words of the title, using quotation marks (article, chapter, or webpage) or italics (book)

APA In-text Citations Direct quote vs. Indirect quote INCLUDE THE PAGE NUMBER (S) when having a direct quote: e. g. , Chu (2014) says you should always “include the page number (s) when having a direct quote” (p. xx). e. g. , xxx is defined as “……” (Chu, 2014, p. xx).

APA In-text Citations Direct quote—Block quotation • • • Use a block quotation if and only if the quote is of 40 words or more Start the block in a new line Indent a half inch in front the quote NO quotation marks around the quote NO punctuation after the parentheses For example: Chu (2014) has said: Text text text text text text text text text text text text text text (p. 15) Text text text text text text text.

APA-References Begin on a separate page at the end of your paper called “References” List all and only the works you have cited in the text Alphabetize the works by the last name of the first author • Works with the same author (s): order by year • Works with the same author(s) in the same year • Order alphabetically by the title (excluding A, An, or The) • Lower case letters next to the year • Works with the same first author • Alphabetize by the last name (s) of the second (or the third or beyond) author Paragraph—Special—Hanging Double-space

APA-References-Common formats Journal article: Author, A. A. , Author, B. B. , & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of the article: Subtitle of the article. Title of the Journal, volume(issue), xxx-xxx. Book: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the book: Subtitle of the book. Location: Publisher. Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press Edited book: Editor, A. A. , & Editor, B. B. (Eds. ). (Year). Title of the book. Location: Publisher.

APA-References-Common formats Book Chapter: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds. ), Title of the book (pp. xxx-xxx). Location: Publisher. Newspaper article: Author, A. A. (Year, Month Date). Title of the article. Title of the Newspaper, p. x. / pp. xx. Online document: Author, A. A. (Year). Title of the document. Retrieved from url

APA-References-Common formats Personal Communications (Email, letter, phone call, and interview): • In-text citation only, initial + last name and date e. g. , Y. Chu (personal communication, October 30, 2014) said that… APA Publication Manual provides examples of all major types of sources

APA—Mischievous How to cite secondary source? • Name the original source but cite the secondary source (the work you actually read) in the text: e. g. , Fisher (2012, as cited in Chu, 2014) found that… • And list the secondary source only in the References How to cite source with no page number? • Use paragraph number e. g. , Chu (2014, para. 5) With no date? • Chu (n. d. )

APA-Abstract Separate page at the beginning of the paper Center the word “Abstract”, no formatting Single paragraph Double-space Do not indent 150 -250 words Include: Objectives, research questions, methodology, major findings, significance of the study, and conclusions. Implications for theory, research, practice, and/ or policy. Keywords

Extra Resources APA Style http: //www. apastyle. org/learn/tutorials/basics-tutorial. aspx Purdue Owl https: //owl. english. purdue. edu/owl/resource/560/01/ University of Washington Library-Citation Styles & Tools http: //guides. lib. washington. edu/citations Citation Machine http: //www. citationmachine. net/apa/cite-a-book

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