Every Time France Sneezes Europe Catches A Cold

“Every Time France Sneezes, Europe Catches A Cold. ” A Revolutionary poster with the motto of the French Revolution: Unity, Indivisibility of the French Republic, Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood – or death Source, click here.

The Ancien Regime The First Estate – The Clergy Why are they the first estate? What jobs or services do they provide? Where did they get their money from? The Second estate – Nobility owned 25%30% of the land Where did they get their power from? They owned the land, but had little monetary income Nobles hated absolutism and resented the royal bureaucracy that employed the middle class men in positions once reserved for the aristocracy Third Estate – commoners of society and majority of the French Citizens Who made up this estate? Did they pay taxes? If so how much? The 3 Estates eiu. edu/~cfnek/syllabi/2560. htmes

1. Unfair Class & Tax System (Last slide) 2. Economic Troubles What were the economic causes to the French Revolution? Deficit Spending: Wars: How to solve? A Poor Harvest Why a famine? Effects? Louis XVI of France - portrait by A. F. Callet (1741 -1823) www. wikipedia. org

Failure of reform Who is Jacques Necker and what did he suggest to Louis XVI? Why was he dismissed? Pressure for reform mounted Wealthy and powerful classes demanded the king call the Estates General Had not been summoned for 175 years Why is the monarch hesitant? What did the Nobles hope would happen?

3. The Enlightenment Paris was home to this philosophical movement rooted in the questioning of the status quo How did the Enlightenment cause the revolution? 4. The example of the American Revolution How did the American Revolution cause the French Revolution? John Trumbull's Declaration of Independence, showing the fiveman committee in charge of drafting the Declaration in 1776 as it presents its work to the Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia www. wikipedia. org

Louis XVI Calls the Estates General in 1789 Why? Louis had each estate prepare cahiers or notebooks containing their grievances Many called for reforms The meeting of the Estates General, 5 May 1789 www. wikipedia. org

Delegates to the Estates General from the Third Estate Why? From the beginning the Estates General deadlocked over voting How? National Assembly Called members from other estates to join and help write a constitution Famous Tennis Court Oath: The group wouldn’t disband before drawing up a constitution Sketch by Jacques-Louis David of the Tennis Court Oath www. wikipedia. org

July 14 1789 Why was the Bastille stormed? Significance? The Storming of the Bastille, Jean-Pierre Houël (1735 -1813) www. wikipedia. org

Creating a New France Revolts in Paris and the Provinces Why are we seeing revolts? The Great Fear What caused it? Famine + Fear = Crazy Peasants peasants go crazy over the nobles who were trying to reimpose medieval dues Attacked homes of nobles Burned old manor records Paris in Arms Revolutionary Center Factions (small groups) competed for power Marquis de Lafayette Headed National Guard – middle class militia formed in response to the royal troops in Paris Radical Paris Commune Replaced the royalists government of the city Could mobilize whole neighborhoods for protests or violent Actions to further the Revolution

August 4 th Vote – What did it establish? Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen What did it say? Declaration of the Rights of Woman and Female Citizen Written by Olympe de Gouges, a playwright National Assembly ignored her demands Louis XIV refused to accept decrees on the abolition of feudalism and declaration of rights Why? Representation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen in 1789 www. wikipedia. org

Why did the women march to Versailles? Women wouldn’t leave unless king came with them back to Paris Royal family moved into Tuileries Palace and placed under virtual house arrest for 3 years This picture shows the women's march on Versailles 1789 www. wikipedia. org

1790 – Civil Constitution of the Clergy What did it say? Constitution of 1791 What government was created with this document? Legislative assembly established to make laws and collect taxes, and decide issues of war

Louis XVI’s failed flight Marie Antoinette, Louis and their son try to escape in disguise, but they were discovered and they were brought back to Paris Reaction outside France How did other Monarchs react to the French Revolution? Émigrés – nobles, clergy and others fleeing revolutionary France Some who supported the American Revolution put down the French Revolution – why do you think? Threat from Abroad October 1791 – Declaration of Pilnitz – Prussia and Austria threatened to intervene to save the monarchy Revolutionaries took threat seriously and prepared for war Eager to spread the revolution and destroy tyranny abroad, the Legislative assembly declared war first on Austria, then on Prussia Britain and other states The return of the royal family to Paris on 25 June 1791, colored copperplate after a drawing of Jean-Louis Prieur www. wikipedia. org

Radical Days Radical Groups Gain Popularity in the Legislative Assembly Sans-culottes: Jacobins Radicals took control of the assembly What new government was created? What did they want? 1792 – abolish the monarchy and declare France a republic Drew up new French constitution Typical Sans-Culottes Louis-Léopold Boilly www. wikipedia. org

Outbreaks of Violence Death of a king and Queen What were the September Massacres? Why and how did they die? National Convention pursued a policy of de-Christianization Notre Dame turned into the Temple of Reason Non religious calendar with 1793 as Year I of the new era of freedom Why do you think the Convention did this? Execution of Louis XVI in what is now the Place de la Concorde, facing the empty pedestal where the statue of his grandfather, Louis XV, had stood. www. wikipedia. org

Committee of Public Safety – to deal with the threats of France; 12 member committee Maximilien Robespierre – Jacobin Purpose? Goal? Ideology? Connection to Rousseau? Reign of Terror – 1793 -1794 Dictatorship 1793 -1794 the Committee took control of France to save the country from the rest of Europe – universal mobilization of the nation 40, 000 people died – ermines of the republic even if no proof existed Guillotine 15% guillotines were of mistaken identify or falsely accused Within a year the Reign of terror turned on its own people Convention turned on the committee of Public Safety

1791 – French colony Saint Domingue (Haiti) revolted Toussaint L’Ouverture – son of African slaves led the revolt of over 100, 000 men Later Napoleon captured Toussaint and he died in French prison January 1804 western Hispaniola became first independent nation of Latin America 1793 France went to war with Britain, Netherlands, Spain and Prussia Toussaint Louverture. From a group of engravings done in post -Revolutionary France. (1802) www. wikipedia. org

Thermodorian Reaction – What is it? Robespierre guillotined on July 28, 1794 What happened during this reaction? New Constitution (1795) which created the Directory The Directory (1795 – 1799) What was it? What problems did it have? Foreign concerns: Enemies Right – royalists wanted to restored monarchy Left – radicals wanted power Political coup e’tat By Whom? Execution of M. Robespierre www. wikipedia. org

Early Military Career What was his reputation? Napoleon’s Coup de e’tat Helped overthrow the directory and set-up three man board “the consulate” Napoleon took title first consul 1802 – named himself consul for life 1804 – had enough power to name himself emperor Napoléon Bonaparte in the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (detail of an oleo by François Bouchot) www. wikipedia. org

Domestic Policies Held plebiscites – purpose? Establishing peace with Catholic Church Concordat of 1801 - What did it do? Codification of Laws Centralized administrative machine Napoleon preserved and destroyed aspects of the revolution Liberty had been replaced by despotism The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries, by Jacques-Louis David, 1812 www. wikipedia. org

Napoleonic Code Equality of all citizens before the law Religious toleration Advancement based on merit – what group wanted this most of all? Economic Reforms What did Napoleon reform? Social Reforms Public Schools: Encouraged émigrés to return provided they took an oath of loyalty Land Reform: Women:

The Grand Empire Strongest power in Europe Claimed or defeated most of Europe Forceful diplomacy Would take kings and queens of European countries off their thrones and replace them with family and friends 1805 -1807: Napoleon’s Grand Army defeated Austrian, Prussian, Russian Armies 1807 -1812: Napoleon Master of European Empire Spread of French Revolution principles to conquered territories that will be an important factor in the development of liberalism in these countries. Napoleon's Empire at its greatest extent. Dark Blue-French Empire Medium Blue-Conquered "Rebellious" States Light Blue-Allied States www. wikipedia. org Posted by user Kieran 4

Napoleon wanted to take over Great Britain – issue to overcome? 1805 Napoleon prepared to invade Britain Napoleon defeated at Battle of Trafalgar off the southwest of Spain Napoleon Tries to Weaken Britain Through Economic Warfare: the Continental System Explain how the system worked? Why does it fail? Still France was at an age Napoleon

While nationalism pushed French armies to success it also worked against them. Many Europeans even though they liked the ideas of revolution saw Napoleons armies as oppressors Resented Napoleons effort to impose French Culture All over Europe Nationalism unleashed revolts against France especially in Spain Napoleon’s brother, Joseph was made king of Spain in 1808 Why did the Spanish revolt against Joseph? Were they successful? Who helped them? Why? The Third of May 1808, Francisco Goya www. wikipedia. org

Napoleonic Europe

Why did Napoleon Invade Russia? How did the Russians choose to deal with Napoleon? Was it successful? Only 100, 000 survived many died and others deserted – What defeated the Grand Army? Napoleon's retreat from Moscow, painted by Adolph Northen in the 19 th century www. wikipedia. com

Russia allies with Austria and Prussia against a weakened France 1813 they defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Nations at Leipzig 1814 European troops approach France and Napoleon abdicates Napoleon is exiled to Elba in the Mediterranean Louis XVIII, brother of the late king is restored to the French throne Napoleon and Poniatowski at Leipzig, painted by Suchodolski 1797– 1875 www. wikipedia. org

What were the problems with Louis XVIII? How does Napoleon come back? March 1815 Napoleon marches into Paris Napoleon will attempt to rebuild his empire Lasts 100 days

Battle of Waterloo June 18 th, 1815 French Army met English and Prussian forces Duke of Wellington and General Blucher met at Belgian town of Waterloo Battle crushed the French Army Again Napoleon exiled this time to St. Helena where he would eventually die in 1821 What is his legacy? Battle of Waterloo, painted by William Sadler (1782– 1839) www. wikipedia. org

Called by Prince Clemens von Metternich of Austria to restore the “Status Quo” in Europe Representatives: They had to try to restore the balance of power How did they do that? Other Decisions Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Great Britain create the Quadruple alliance Pledged to act together to maintain balance of power to suppress revolutionary uprisings German confederation created (39 states) with Austria as its official head. Switzerland becomes independent Nationalism increases throughout Europe – WHY? ? The Congress of Vienna by Jean-Baptiste Isabey, (1819). www. wikipedia. org

Europe After the Congress of Vienna

Bourgeoisie grow in influence Revolutions of 1830 & 1848 Latin American Wars of Independence Congress of Vienna & the Concert of Europe Spread of Modern European Nationalism Spread of Revolutionary & Enlightenment Ideas What do you think we are going to see next?

The Influence of the Napoleonic Code