Evaluation of Decentralised Energy Systems Fuel Poverty Authors

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Evaluation of Decentralised Energy Systems – Fuel Poverty Authors: Oliver Martin-Du Pan Prof. Dino

Evaluation of Decentralised Energy Systems – Fuel Poverty Authors: Oliver Martin-Du Pan Prof. Dino Bouchlaghem Prof. Philip Eames Prof. Paul Rowley

Who Am I? - Oliver Martin-Du Pan § Mechanical Engineer doing an industrial doctorate

Who Am I? - Oliver Martin-Du Pan § Mechanical Engineer doing an industrial doctorate (Eng. D) for Loughborough University. § Based at Buro Happold: a professional services firm providing engineering consultancy for all aspects of buildings.

Buro Happold 3

Buro Happold 3

The research problem § Investigate the sustainability and the system performance of a decentralised

The research problem § Investigate the sustainability and the system performance of a decentralised energy (DE) system; I am looking into: § The viability of a DE system; § The overall system performance. 4

Drivers Towards A Low Carbon Economy In 2011, the UK was the 7 th

Drivers Towards A Low Carbon Economy In 2011, the UK was the 7 th greatest producer of man-made carbon emissions generated from fossil fuels. However, the UK has become, through the Climate Change Act, the first country to adopt a legally binding target to reduce its CO 2 emissions by at least 80% by 2050. 5

Drivers Towards A Low Carbon Economy • The Kyoto Protocol, in 1997, set the

Drivers Towards A Low Carbon Economy • The Kyoto Protocol, in 1997, set the UK to cut its carbon emissions by 2012, whereas the Climate Change Act in 2008 set the UK to cut its carbon emission another further by 2020 and 2050. The carbon emission Targets: Millions tonnes CO 2_eq • 12. 5% by 2012; • 33% by 2020; • 80% by 2050. GHG Reduction targets 6 Total emissions

Strategies to Reduce the Carbon Emissions § There exist two active means to reduce

Strategies to Reduce the Carbon Emissions § There exist two active means to reduce carbon emissions; these means are through: § Renewable energy, and § Efficiency, such as using a CHP engine: 7

Decentralised Energy Financial Analysis § The financial analysis and the payback calculation of a

Decentralised Energy Financial Analysis § The financial analysis and the payback calculation of a decentralised energy technology can be calculated after determining: § The installation cost; § The maintenance cost; and § The operating cost with and without the decentralised technology. 8

Economic Profitability § Economic profitability improves if: ØMarket Conditions allow for a competitive DE

Economic Profitability § Economic profitability improves if: ØMarket Conditions allow for a competitive DE heat and electricity price; ØLow service and maintenance costs; ØLow demands on rate of return from the owners. 9

Case Study: A Hotel in Central London § This is a 31, 000 m

Case Study: A Hotel in Central London § This is a 31, 000 m 2 building that has been built in a steel structure; it opened its doors in 1909; § It has got 785 guest rooms and accommodated 317, 000 guests in 2010; • No air conditioning in the guest rooms; • Their Chief Engineer is passionate about system performance and has a good relationship with their CHP supplier. 10

Hotel’s Energy Plant 2 x 250 k. We CHP engines 2 x 800 k.

Hotel’s Energy Plant 2 x 250 k. We CHP engines 2 x 800 k. W Boilers No thermal storage, but the piping loop from the energy plant to every radiator and heat exchanger in the hotel acts as a thermal storage; it can store hat water up to 90 dg. C. 11

Commercial Terms § The CHP engines are leased from the supplier over a 12

Commercial Terms § The CHP engines are leased from the supplier over a 12 year term – “Off Balance Sheet”; § To cover the maintenance cost and to give the supplier a return on capital, the hotel agreed to pay a monthly amount of daily annual generation of 1, 000 MWh of electricity per engine per year; hence the current cost is approximately 92, 000£/Year. Ø 4. 15 p/k. Whe day rate; Ø 1. 39 p/k. Wh night rate 12

Financial Operation Compared To The Baseline Prices: • Gas: • Electricity -day: 1. 791

Financial Operation Compared To The Baseline Prices: • Gas: • Electricity -day: 1. 791 p/k. Wh - day: 6. 786 p/k. Wh - night: 1. 791 p/k. Wh - night: 3. 789 p/k. Wh Payment to the energy supplier: • £ 90, 557 per year Maintenance cost: • £ 13, 000 per year Savings from CHP engine: • £ 77, 000 in 2010 The hotel savings: Summing the monthly saving, the losses equals to £ 564. Payback: The installation cost for these two engines was of £ 420, 000, hence the payback is obtained after ~5. 5 years for the owner of the engines (the energy supplier). Figure 6: Financial operation of the hotel's energy plant compared to the baseline. 13

Hotel Summary § Hotel’s energy demand: § Heat: 4, 797 MWh/year § Electricity: 2,

Hotel Summary § Hotel’s energy demand: § Heat: 4, 797 MWh/year § Electricity: 2, 081 MWh/year § Decentralised energy generation: § Heat: 2, 923 MWh/year (61%) § Elec: 1, 864 MWh/year (90%) § CO 2 reduction: 20% § Payback: ~5. 5 years 14

Case Study: Pimlico • At present, an energy centre produces heat and electricity from

Case Study: Pimlico • At present, an energy centre produces heat and electricity from a new Energy Centre and supplies it through a district heating network to: • 3191 residential property • 55 commercial properties: • A glass-faced accumulator tower was built in 1950 to collect heat from the now disused Battersea’s combined heat and power (CHP) Power station built on the opposite side of the Thames. • Because of its scale Pimlico DH needs to comply with the stringent EU ETS regulation without increasing the amount of fuel poor household. 15

What Is and Why District Heating in the UK? § District heating is the

What Is and Why District Heating in the UK? § District heating is the use of a decentralised boiler installation (or other technology) to provide more sustainable or cheaper heat to a number of buildings. § The Mayor of London has set a target to generate 25 per cent of London’s energy from decentralised sources by 2025. This will reduce the CO 2 emissions. 16

Heat Distribution: Heat = ~5. 5 p/k. Wh 17

Heat Distribution: Heat = ~5. 5 p/k. Wh 17

Questions? § Can Pimlico comply under climate change regulations while minimising fuel poverty? 18

Questions? § Can Pimlico comply under climate change regulations while minimising fuel poverty? 18

Acknowledgements § Prof. Philip Eames – Academic supervisor (Loughborough University) § Prof. Paul Rowley

Acknowledgements § Prof. Philip Eames – Academic supervisor (Loughborough University) § Prof. Paul Rowley – Academic supervisor (Loughborough University) § Buro Happold Engineers and the EPSRC for funding this project Thank You