Evaluating the Evidence for Evidence Based Development and

Evaluating the Evidence for ‘Evidence Based’: Development and evaluation of physical fitness Sabine Eichberg & Heinz Mechling Strategies for Seniors and Sports, 27. – 28. 5. 2004, Berlin

Impact of physical activity n n Mortality (Myers, 2002; Paffenbarger et al. , 1986) Cardiovascular disease and risk factors (Blair et al. , 1995; Haapanan-Niemi et al. , 2000; Kelley & Goodpaster, 1999; Kelley & Kelley, 2001; Lee & Paffenbarger, 2000; Stefanick, 1999) n Physical fitness (Cress et al. , 1999; Häkkinen et al. , 1998; King et al. , 2000; Lan et al. , 1998; Peel et al. , 1999) n Cognitive function (Colcombe et al. , 2003; Kramer et al. , 2003 Robinson et al. , 2002) n Psychological health (e. g. depression, mood, anxiety, personality) (Greendale et al. , 1993; Kaplan et al. , 1993; Stephens, 1988)

Differences in endurance and strength

Strength Men Women Men > (Eichberg & Rott, 2004) Women

Physical active have higher fitness (Rikli & Jones, 1999)

Fitness Enhancing physical fitness Age

Fitness Delayed decline in physical fitness? loss of independence Age

Evaluating physical fitness n Components of physical fitness? n n n n Endurance Strength Flexibility Balance Reaction and movement time Activities of daily living. . . Demands on measuring instruments n n adaptive and comparable to different age groups, levels of performance, health status, … differentiating kind and level of performance standardized methods ("golden standards"). . .

Evaluating physical activity n Physical activity, physical exercise/training, or sports n n n n definition type frequency duration intensity … Study design n n cross-sectional longitudinal intervention subjects …

Evaluating influencing factors n n n n Age Gender Socio-economic status Health status Personality Health behaviour …