EUROPEANS CLAIM MUSLIM LANDS Section 11 3 and

EUROPEANS CLAIM MUSLIM LANDS Section 11 -3 and 11 -4

Europeans Claim Muslim Lands The Ottoman Empire Loses Power Empire Death begins to decline in 1566 of Suleyman I Modernization movements are unsuccessful Greece and Serbia gain independence European Powers look to gain Ottoman lands

Downfall of the Ottoman Empire

Europeans Grab Land Geopolitics—taking land for its strategic location or products • Access to sea trade routes focuses attention on Ottoman land • Crimean War—Russia attacks Ottomans in 1853 to gain warm-water port • Russia loses, but Ottomans are shown to be weak; still lose land

Egypt and the British • Muhammad Ali breaks away from Ottoman control and begins series of reforms in military and economy • Shifts Egyptian agriculture from food crops to cash crops • Egypt builds Suez Canal—human-made waterway connects Red Sea to Mediterranean • Modernization efforts create huge debt • British oversee financial control of canal, occupy Egypt in 1882

The Suez Canal

British Imperialism in India The Great Game – rivalry between Britain and Russia over territory. British Expand Control over India East India Company Controls India thru economic imperialism Company uses an army including Indian soldiers known as “sepoys” India was seen as the most important colony in the British Empire Due to its production of raw materials Known as the “Jewel in the Crown”

The Sepoy Mutiny Indians Rebel Sepoys refuse to use cartridges due to religious reasons They had to bite them open – greased with pork fat Considered unclean by Muslims Many sepoys were jailed, others rebelled British put down the rebellion Results Britain takes direct control of India Increased distrust between Indians and British

Nationalism in India Call for reforms India adopts modernization movements Many Indians adopt western ways Religious Issues Remain Formation Called for independence from Britain Formation Many of the Indian National Congress (1885) of the Muslim League (1906) Muslims did not trust Hindus within India