European Underground Facilities Luciano Pandola INFN Laboratori del

European Underground Facilities Luciano Pandola INFN, Laboratori del Gran Sasso, Italy Thanks to: S. Bettini, E. Coccia, M. Laubenstein, L. Miramonti, S. Paling, F. Piquemal LRT 2010 Workshop, Sudbury – August 28 th, 2010

Sieroszowice 2800 m 600 m 1000 m ~3800 m 2800 m 4800 m 2400 m 3800 m 4800 m Depth (m w. e. ) Slanic The European underground facilities 10 m-2 h-1 1 m-2 h-1 0. 1 m-2 h-1 Planned extension of the Modane Lab Baksan, RU Gran Sasso, IT Modane, FR Canfranc, ES Boulby, UK Pyhäsalmi, FIN Sieroszowice, PL Slanic, RO Solotvina, UKR New sites (not yet full infrastructures)

Phyäsalmi MAPPA (EUGENIO) ILIAS Boulby Sieroszowice Solotvina Slanic Modane Baksan Canfranc Gran Sasso

Gran Sasso national laboratory, Italy

Gran Sasso Laboratory 3 main halls Muon Flux A B C ~100 x 20 m 2 (h 20 m) 3. 0 10 -4 μ m-2 s-1 Neutron Flux 2. 92 10 -6 n cm-2 s-1 (0 -1 ke. V) 0. 86 10 -6 n cm-2 s-1 (> 1 ke. V) Depth: 1400 m (3800 m w. e. ) Surface: >6000 m 2 Volume: 180000 m 3 Rn in air: 50 -100 Bq/m 3 Primordial Radionuclides 238 U external facilities 232 Th K 0. 42 ppm Rock (Hall B) 1. 05 ppm Concrete All Halls 0. 062 ppm Rock (Hall B) 0. 656 ppm Concrete All Halls 160 ppm Rock

STELLA low background facility Sub. TErranean Low Level Assay 104 Low-Level laboratory: about 10 HPGe spectrometers - Material screening for experiments - Background characterization Development of new detectors Physics measurements (rare decays) Environmental measurements (radiodating) GEMPI 2 detector: 44 cpd/kg 40 -2700 ke. V 0. 13 cpd/kg @ 1460 ke. V HPGe Hall (32 m 2 floor)

Laboratoire Souterrain de Modane, France CNRS/IN 2 P 3 and CEA/IRFU http: //www. lsm. in 2 p 3. fr

depth: 1700 m (4800 mwe) 1 Main hall 30 x 10 m 2 (h 11 m) + gamma spectr. hall (70 m 2) + 2 secondary halls of 18 m 2 and 21 m 2

Low-background facilities 13 HPGe from 6 Labs - Material selection for astroparticle physics Environmental measurements Applications (wine datation, salt origin, …) Developements of Ge detector Rn reduction system from 15 Bq/m 3 (ventilation on) to 15 m. Bq/m 3 Neutron Flux 1. 6 10 -6 n cm-2 s-1 4 10 -6 n cm-2 s-1 Muon Flux (0 -0. 63 e. V) 5 10 -5 μ m-2 h-1 Primordial Radionuclides 238 U (2 -6 Me. V) Neutron detectors at LSM 232 Th K 3 He counters (Dubna) Sphere TPC 0. 84 ppm Rock 1. 9 ppm Concrete 2. 45 ppm Rock 1. 4 ppm Concrete 213 Bq/kg Rock 77 Bq/kg Concrete

The Boulby Underground Science Facility (UK)

• Boulby is a working potash mine in the North East of England. Operated by Cleveland Potash Ltd – a major local employer. • 1100 m deep (2805 m w. e. ). • Surrounding rock-salt = low activity giving low gamma and radon backgrounds. (Rn < 3 Bq/m 3) JIF facilities - 2003. > 1000 m 2, fully equipped underground ‘Palmer lab’ > Surface support facility. Boulby Mine Middlesbor ough Staithe s Whitb y York 10 -6 wrt surface Muon flux: 4. 09 (± 0. 15)· 10 -4 m-2 s-1 U: 67 ± 6 ppb Th: 125 ± 10 ppb K: 1130 ± 200 ppm Rn: 2. 5 ± 1. 6 Bq m-3

Low-background counting Ultra-low background Ge detector for gamma spectrometry & material selection. Low background, high sensitivity, 2 kg (~400 cc) Ge detector for material activity measurements. Sensitivity of ~1 -10 ppb U/Th for typical samples. Aim now to upgrade facilities giving x 100 increase in sensitivity Radon emanation measurement Based on a high sensitivity, low background commercial Rn detector (Durridge Rad 7). Sensitivity <0. 02 Bq/sample. Gd loaded scintillator used for n measurement: Flux = (1. 72± 0. 61(stat. )± 0. 38(syst. ))· 10 -6 cm-2 s-1

LSC - Laboratorio Subterraneo de Canfranc, AAA Spain http: //www. lsc-canfranc. es Tobazo's peak

The old Canfranc Laboratory 2 small halls [Lab 1] 36 m 2 + 1 Main hall [Lab 3] 20 x 5 m 2 (h 4. 5 m) 140 m 2 total surface Canfranc railway tunnel entrance w. e. Muon Flux 2 10 -3 μ m-2 s-1 Neutron Flux 3. 86 10 -6 n cm-2 s-1 Gamma Flux 2· 10 -2 g cm-2 s-1 w. e.

New experimental Halls Underground structures completed and transferred to LSC consortium 30/7/2010 600 m 2 (40 x 15 x 12) 150 m 2 (15 x 10 x 7) Depth: 800 m (2. 4 km w. e. ) Muons: 4. 7 x 10 -3 m m-2 s-1 Ventilation: 11. 000 m 3/h n and g to be measured Hall A

Baksan Valley and Mt. Andyrchi The oldest underground laboratory “Andyrchy” EAS array “Karpet-2” EAS array Institute for Nuclear Research RAS Tunnel entrance

Baksan neutrino observatory Total volume 40 000 m 3 BUST Since 1978 1 st large LS neutrino telescope ready for SN explosion SAGE observatory operational Screening facilities with HPGe SAGE @ SAGE site 7200 m 3 lined with 60 cm of low background concrete §Overburden: 2000 m 4. 8 km w. e. §µ flux: = 3. 03± 0. 19 x 10– 5 m– 2 s– 1 §Radon: 40 Bq/m 3 § n (>1 Me. V) = 1. 4 x 10– 7 cm– 2 s– 1 § n (>3 Me. V) = 6. 3± 2. 2 x 10– 8 cm– 2 s– 1 §Dedicated horizontal access (4 km). Two tunnels, train transportation

Phyäsalmi (Finland) – Sieroszowice (Poland) Sieroszowice salt mine Phyäsalmi mine Old mine Operational 1962 -2001 Cavities available at several levels from 95 m to 980 m New mine Lab facilities may be excavated @ 1440 m, 4 km w. e. Existing big chambers in salt: • volume: 85 x 15 x 20 m 3 • at a depth ~950 m from the surface (2200 m. w. e. ) • very low humidity, T~350 • low rock radioactivity (salt) Start lab activity and characterization within 2010

Slanic (Romania) – Solotvina (Ukraine) Slanic, Romania Salt domes • a lot of space! • shallower depth ~208 m from the surface (600 m. w. e. ) • used for low background radiation measurements (too shallow for most astroparticle physics experiments) Solotvina, Ukraine Salt mine Overburden: 430 m 1 km w. e. Available area 1000 m 2 µ flux: = 1. 7 x 10 -2 m– 2 s– 1 Radon: 33 Bq/m 3 Neutrons: n = 2. 7 x 10 -6 cm– 2 s– 1 Horizontal access Science projects (bb of 116 Cd, R&D for Super. NEMO and radiopure crystals)

Conclusions • Many underground sites available for science in Europe with depth > 1 km w. e. • Four main deep-underground Labs (LNGS, LSC, LSM, Boulby) very well established, with a rich physics program (dark matter, neutrinos, double beta decay) – closer coordination and interchanges started in the framework of EU-funded programs (ILIAS) – memorandum of understanding (EULabs) • Baksan Lab still operational (SAGE) in spite of difficulties • Other “emerging” sites becoming available, expecially in Eastern Europe – infrastructures for full-scale science experiments not yet available – presently tests, background characterization, measurements with HPGe

Backup

Solar n Borexino n from Supernovae LVD n �beam from CERN: OPERA ICARUS bb decay and rare events CUORE; GERDA; COBRA; VIP Others (incl. geophysics) ERMES; GIGS; UNDERSEIS; TELLUS Dark Matter DAMA/LIBRA; CRESST WARP; XENON Nuclear astrophysics LUNA

Activities @ STELLA - LNGS • material screening (Ger. DA, Borexino, CUORE, WAr. P, Double. CHOOZ, Xenon, et al. ) • CELLAR: measurement of future Standard Reference Materials (“NIST Peruvian Soil, future SRM 4355 A”) & samples from JET (Joint European Torus; fusion exp. ) • environmental radioactivity (ERMES, Univ. AQ, Univ. FI) • small fundamental physics research projects (ARMONIA, DAMA) • meteorite measurements (Almahata Sitta (Sudan), Jesenice (Slovenia), Maribo (Denmark), Bunburra Rockhole (Australia), Carancas (Peru), Berduc (Argentina))

Physics measurements @ STELLA - double EC in 136 Ce to excited levels of (2009) 101– 114) 136 Ba (Nucl. Phys. A 824 - 2 b-decay of 104 Ru to excited level of (2009) 171– 177): 104 Pd (Eur. Phys. J. A 42

Scientific activity Completed experiments p decay & Atm ν ββ Dark Matter Frejus proton decay exp (Fe and flash chamber). NEMO-I (prototype Nemo. III) NEMO-II (prototype Nemo. III) TGV (Ge detectors with sheets of DBD candidates) EDELWEISS-I (1 kg Ge bolometer heat+ionization) Running experiments TGV II ββ NEMO-III (Tracking + calorimeter) TGV-II Dark Matter EDELWEISS-II (10 to 35 kg Ge heat+ioniz. ) Nuclear Physics SHIN (Super-heavy nuclei) SHIN NEMO-III EDELWEISS-II

LSM Extension project Safety galery work started in September 2009 Excavation of the extension end 2011. In operation in 2013. Exte nsion proje ct LSM Sa fe ty Fré ju st gal lery unn el

Current Boulby projects ZEPLIN-III 2 phase (liquid/gas) high field Xenon WIMP dark matter detector. Installed 2007 - now operating DRIFT-II Low pressure gas TPC directional DM detector. Installed – 2005. Continuing R&D and operation Future Science Aims / Plans • Continued hosting / supporting Dark Matter searches (DRIFT, ZEPLIN-III and beyond) • Development of UK centre of excellence for ultra sensitive low activity material screening • Pursual of possible future small and large projects – e. g LAGUNA, ELENA, SKY-II SKY-ZERO Danish/UK expt to study the effect of cosmic rays on aerosols & cloud production. Phase 1 near completion. LAGUNA

6 approved experiments EXP-01 -2008 (ANAIS) Dark Matter (Na. I, Annual modulation) EXP-02 -2008 (ROSEBUD) Dark Matter (Scintillating bolometers) EXP-03 -2008 (Bi. Po) 0 nbb decay EXP-05 -2008 (NEXT) 0 nbb decay (Enriched EXP-06 -2009 (Super. K-Gd) Systematic low background assay for Superkamiokande Gd proposal (Ge detectors) EXP-07 -2009 (GEODYN) Under-surface geodynamic observatory 136 Xe TPC) Past experiments in the old Laboratory: IGEX, COSME, ANAIS, ROSEBUD