EUROPEAN SOCIETIES 1400 s European villages had a

EUROPEAN SOCIETIES 1400 s ► European villages had a long tradition of social hierarchy – Feudalism ► Christianity played a critical role – religious leaders had power ► The Reformation in the early 1500 s led to a split in the church Martin Luther

EUROPEAN EXPLORATION ► The countries of Portugal, Spain, France and England explored in the late 1400 s for God, Gold, and Glory ► Can you name an explorer from each of these countries?

Christopher Columbus ► Italian-Genoa, 1451 ► Merchant, business man; father-weaver ► Sailing experience ► Lisbon, Portugal: ▪ ▪ Astronomy Cartography Mathematics Navigation

Stay in School ► Sail West!. . . Not the first time this was suggested ► Great idea but faulty math ▪ Different units of measure; fudged numbers ► Denied by Portugal and England; picked up by Spain ▪ Reconquista, paper promises of fame/fortune

SPANISH NORTH AMERICA – SECTION 2 Columbus crosses the Atlantic in October of 1492 (“the greatest accident in history”) ► Europeans used advanced weapons to force locals into labor: Plantation System ► Disease devastated Native population, 90% dead-what was the “exchange” called? ►

IMPACT OF COLUMBUS On Discovery: *Identification crisis; wider view of the world ✔ On Africans- Before slave trade ended in the 1800 s, 10 million Africans taken ✔ ✔ Why Africans? On Europeans- Biggest voluntary migration in world history ✔ On Trade- Columbian Exchange meant new goods & products flowed between continents ✔

SPAIN CLAIMS A NEW EMPIRE Spanish explorers (Conquistadors) seized much of the Americas ► Cortes conquered the Aztecs in Mexico ► Pizzaro conquered the Incas in Peru ► Exploitation of local populations was significant – Encomienda System ► ▪ Natives work land in exchange for Spanish teaching them Catholicism

A Whole New World! THE FIRST COLONIES

Geography Lesson ► Using the 4 maps of topography/geography, decide where you, as an explorer, would aim to explore. Explain WHY you chose that area or region. ► What ►EQ: is topography? Geography? How does geography and topography impact settlement patterns?

Impact of Geography ► Topography: the arrangement of the natural and artificial physical features of an area ► Geography: study of the lands, features, inhabitants, and phenomena of the earth ►THINK: How might geography and topography impact economic development and opportunity? ▪ Answer with a partner

EARLY BRITISH COLONIES ► Early 1600 s: English finally in a place to start colonizing ► 1588 defeated Spanish Armada ► Population up, Economy down ►Joint-Stock Companies ► May 14, 1607: Jamestown was first lasting settlement (barely) ► John Smith led settlers; forceful leadership ►Disease, famine, Indians ►“Work or starve” motto ►Trade with Natives Nightmare in Jamestown: https: //www. youtube. com/ watch? v=8 u_IAH 9 bsp. U

James River, 35 miles up from Chesapeake Bay Jamestown Fort, June 1607

Refresh: Why leave England? ► Religious reasons ▪ King Henry VIII split with papacy ▪ Dissenting religions want freedom ► Political reasons ▪ Parliament v. Lords ▪ Tyranny, political unrest, civil strife ► Economic ▪ Debt reasons

England’s Motivations ► World Power ▪ Pirates-Sir Francis Drake and John Hawkins ▪ 1588 defeat Armada; naval power ► Economic Benefits ▪ MERCANTILISM ▪ All about the mother country

Pilgrims and Plymouth, 1620 ► Believed that the English Protestant church was corruptwanted to “separate” ► Separatists leave homeland on a pilgrimage to the new world-hence the name Pilgrims

Pilgrims Cont’d ► 44 passengers board the Mayflower (rest of the group aimed to make profit) to Plymouth ► William Bradford ▪ Half die that winter ► Wampanoag tribe helps them survive ▪ Plant corn, squash, beans; 1621 “Thanksgiving” ► Absorbed into Puritans

Puritans: Mass. Bay Colony, 1630 ► Like Pilgrims, they wished to reform the English Church ► Sought to purify-hence the name Puritans ▪ Imagined themselves as the next Exodus ► John Winthrop ▪ Strict boundaries ► Salvation was for the Elect; constant state of spiritual anxiety

Puritans Cont’d ► Faith, not work was key to salvation ► “City on a Hill” ► Community demanded conformity ► Roger Williams ▪ Hypocrites ► Anne https: //www. youtube. com/w atch? v=Pd. X 1 v. K 03 h. Rw Hutchinson ▪ Interpreted scripture ► Salem Witch Trials, 1690