European Exploration and Colonization Early Map of World

European Exploration and Colonization

Early Map of World

Why Exploration? Search for spices and profits u. Crusades, Italian monopoly n Desire to spread Christianity u. Crusades= legacy of hatred n Ability to use technology ucompass, caravel, triangular sails, astrolabe n

Why Exploration? Renaissance spirit of curiosity u. MA- no need for excitement, adventure n Prince Henry the Navigator u. Portuguese, spread Christianity n African slaves u. Portuguese first to buy n

Hazards of Colonization n Diseases and epidemics u. Natives lacked immunity u. Natives died by the millions u 1650 population of central Mexico declined by 85% n Slavery u. Exchange guns for slaves u. Europeans refused to do work

Benefits of Colonization n Farm animals & new plants brought by Europeans u. Vice versa u. Potatoes & corn u. People’s diet was enriched

Portuguese Exploration First nation to explore n Prince Henry the Navigator n u. Motive: economic, religion u. Founded naval station n Trading posts and plantations u. Western Africa u. Traded for slaves, ivory, gold u. Plantations important for development of slave trade

Portuguese Exploration cont… n A route around Africa to India u. Bartholomew n Journey to India u. De n Dias Gama Control of the spice trade u. Europeans «Traded u. Cheaper had little Asians wanted bullion than land trade with Arabs

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama

Vasco da Gama’s Voyage Indian Ocean

Ferdinand Queen Isabella of Spain

Columbus sails for Spain Ferdinand Isabella sponsor n Looking for the Indies (Southeast Asia) n Landed in Salvador n Caribbean becomes known as West Indies n Europeans are motivated by his discoveries n

Christopher Columbus

Christopher Columbus’ Ship

Nina

Pinta

Santa Maria

Christopher Columbus’ Landing

Columbus’ First Voyage

Columbus’ Second Voyage

Columbus’ Third Voyage

Columbus’ Fourth Voyage

Landing Location of Christopher Columbus

Division of the World n Line of Demarcation u. Prevent disputes between Spain and Portugal u. Imaginary line in Atlantic Ocean «Spain= west of line «Portugal= east of line u 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty of Tordesillas n Portugal not happy with Line of Demarcation u. Did not get much land Portugal is given claims to Brazil n Spain gets the rest of the Americas n

Other Spanish Explorers Amerigo Vespucci n Juan Ponce de Leon n u. Florida and the Fountain of Youth n Vasco Nunez de Balboa u. First to see Pacific Ocean u 1513 Crossed Isthmus of

Amerigo Vespucci

Tomb of Ponce de Leon

Magellan’s Voyage Portuguese Explorer n Journey paid for by Spanish King n Circumnavigated globe n Significance n u. Pacific Ocean separated Americas from Asia u. All oceans are connected and winds follow consistent pattern

Magellan

Magellan’s Voyage

Straits of Magellan

Conquest of the Aztecs, Incans n Conquistadors attracted by gold u Conquerors were sons of aristocratic families n Other motives: u Fame u Land u Adventure u Religion n Aztecs found in Mexico, Incans in Peru

Aztec Warrior

The Incas

Hernando Cortes n Aztecs thought Spaniards gods or messengers of Quetzalcoatal u. Horses u. Weapons Montezuma gave Spaniards gifts hoping they’d leave, Spanish push inland n Aztecs die in war and from smallpox n People kill Montezuma n

Hernando Cortez

Montezuma

Cortez and Montezuma

Francisco Pizarro Sent by Charles V n Welcomed by Atahualpa who is taken prisoner n u. No Spaniard is killed u. Leader would be released in exchange for a room full of gold u. Atahualpa was still killed

Francisco Pizarro

Charles V

Later Spanish Explorers Spain established basis for claiming land in US n Hernando de Soto n u 1541 n Reaches Mississippi Francisco de Coronado u 1540 Reaches Colorado, Kansas

The Journey of Coronado

Spanish Rule of the New World

Centralized Government Viceroys appointed to carry out Spanish policy n Colonies existed for Spanish profit n Colonies forced to buy finished goods from Spain n Spain controlled trade, encouraged export of raw materials, discouraged manufacturing n

Indian Laborers Conquistadors given land n Encomiendas- Grants entitled them to land taxes from peons (2 nd son of nobility) n u. Type of system of slavery even though laws protected Indians u. Replaced by haciendas u. Encouraged settlement u. Given by viceroys

Spanish Missionaries Indians’ suffering bothered Catholic missionaries n De Las Casas- work with Indians resulted in King passing laws in 1542 forbidding further enslavement n Counter-Reformationmissionaries abroad n

“Black Legend” B. De Las Casas n Read Write up 397 n Spain destroys indigenous people n 7 million reduced to 1 million u. Disease, war, slavery n

King claimed absolute power n Council of Indies- officials made laws for new lands u Laws made in Spain and sent to 2 capitals « Mexico u Goal: n City (Tenochtitlan) and Lima, Peru Profit for the crown Viceroy (royal agent)- mattered little to natives u Mexico City- ruled Spain’s land in N. America u Lima- ruled Spain’s land in S. America

The Officials No American-born could hold high office n Spanish born planned to return to Spain n Conquistadors- those who seized native land u. Search for God, glory, gold u. Many willing to take chances- no middle class n Goal: Gain money for themselves and crown n

Class Structure of New World n Europeans (stay was temporary) u. Wives returned to Spain for childbirth Creoles (Europeans who live, stay and marry only Europeans) n Mestizo and Mulattos (mixed race) n Indians n

What was taken? 750, 000 pounds of gold n 16, 000 tons of silver n 1/5 – 1/3 went to Spanish king n **Spain’s importance in Europe grew** n Inflation- value of money decreases n

Portuguese Colonization of Brazil Missionaries sent n Cabral claims Brazil n Settlement by wealthy nobles who received land n Colonies attracted settlers from all classes (unlike Spanish) n

Dutch and English Exploration Looking for route to Asia n Northwest Passage- waterway through North America to Asia n 1497 Henry VII (England) sends John Cabot to Americas n Henry Hudson sails for Dutch merchants n

John Cabot Italian n Reaches Newfoundland n Describes different land than Columbus n

Cabot’s Voyages

John Cabot

Henry Hudson 1609 n English explorer n Establishes colony on New Netherland for the Dutch n

Henry Hudson

Henry Hudson

Hudson

Dutch Trading Empire n Dutch East India Company 1602 ugained control of Portuguese ports in Asia u. Only country allowed to trade with Japan n Dutch West India Company 1621 u. Controlled most of slave trade u. No missionaries u. Trade for profit

English Trading Empire English East India Company 1600 n u. Est. by Queen Elizabeth I u. Fought French for trading posts in India u. Privateers- private ships authorized by govt. to attack enemy shipping «Used to capture Spanish treasure ships

England’s American Colonies n Reasons for settlement: u. Religious persecution (Puritans) u. Economic opportunity

French in North America n Early explorers sent by King Frances I u. Jacques Cartier 1535 - reached St. Lawrence and claims Eastern Canada for France (New France) u. Samuel de Champlain 1608 - est. Quebec as first permanent French colony in North America «built fur trade

French in North America Later explorers- second half of 1600’s n n Louis Joliet (fur trader) and Jacques Marquette (priest) u. Travel by boat through Great Lakes, Wisconsin, Mississippi River n La Salle (French nobleman) 1682 Explored lower Mississippi u. Claimed entire Mississippi River Valley for Louis XIV «Louisiana

French Economic Activities Fur trade was primary source of wealth n Farming was unsuccessful n u. Shortage of labor- only Catholic peasants could emigrate u. People went to plantations in West Indies

Conflicts Over French Colonies 4 wars fought over North American continent n French and Indian War 1754 n u. Both sides had Indian allies u 1763 Treaty of Paris signed as France surrenders «French lose most of their land- keep Caliifornia «England gains Canadian land «Spain gains land west of Mississippi «French power in America broken

Nature of the Rule of Philip II

Philip II background th n 16 century (1156 -1598) n Trade and Expansion n Champion of Catholicism n Charles V gives Spain to son

Religion and Philip II Spain strongest supporter of Catholicism n Enemy of Protestants (Ottomans, Dutch, English) n Hundred Years War- France and Spain sign treaty ending (religious) conflict over Italy n

The Battle of Lepanto Philip organized united force of n Spanish, Genovese, and Venetians to fight Turks u. Pope had urged action n Turkish naval force defeated at Lepanto, October 1571 n Last great Spanish naval victory n Turkish power in Mediterranean weakened

Philip’s Empire Spain n Duchy of Milan n Kingdom of Naples n Netherlands n Portugal (land seized when king dies without heir) u. Portuguese land in Africa, India, East Indies n

Wealth and Power Grow Military expanded u. Late 1500’s- strongest and largest military in Europe n Escorial- became center of Spanish empire u. Functions- palace and monastery u. Massive fort, castle, n

Hardworking King Demanded report from advisors n Agonized over decisions- slowed empire down n Allowed no help (suspicious) n Rivalry with England- seadogs, religion n

Spanish Golden Age El Greco- religious and dramatic art u***demonstrated strength of Spanish Catholicism n Velazquez- artist u. Themes showed pride in royal family n Cervantes- writer u. Satires of Middle Ages n