Europe in the Middle Ages Population Feudalism p

Europe in the Middle Ages

Population

Feudalism p Political System n n King Lords Knights Peasants/Serfs

Life of a Knight • Tournaments were public contests of skill between knights • The Joust: The joust was a form of combat between two knights. • The Melee: The melee was a team sport. Each team of knights had colored flags on their backs. Each side tried to knock their opponents flags off using clubs and blunt swords.

Growth of European Kingdoms

England

England p p 1066: King Edward died without a son. William of Normandy wanted to be king. Anglo-Saxons wanted Harold. Norman Conquest: Oct 14, 1066 n n n Battle of Hastings: William of Normandy fought the English for the crown (King Harold) William new king of England 2 William AKA “William the Conqueror” n 1066 -1087

England p King Henry II 1154 -1189 n n Expanded the king’s power Created royal court systems Common law Wanted to control the Church n n Thomas Becket, killed in his own catherdral Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine

Magna Carta p Magna Carta: 1215 (King John) n n Cornerstone for constitutional government Document that restricted the royal power n n n Consult with citizens about taxation before imposing them. Protected nobles rights A step for the development of the British Parliament: make the laws with king’s approval Common Law: laws that applied equally to all people

France

Philip II Augustus p p 1180 -1223 turning point in French Monarchy Gained French territory from England

England vs France p p The Norman conquest was the beginning of centuries of hostilities between England France. The nations fought the “Hundred Years’ War” between 1336 and 1453.

The Crusades “Religious wars”

Causes p Three major religious groups all claimed Jerusalem in the land of Palestine as their holy city. n n n To Christians, it was the place where Jesus was crucified and ascended to heaven To Muslims, it was the place where Muhammad ascended to heaven To Jews, it was the site of the ancient temple built by Solomon

The Crusades p p p The First Crusade The Problem: Around 1095, a new group of Arabs took control of Jerusalem. They closed the city to Jewish and Christian pilgrims. The Solution: The Pope acted. He called for a crusade - a volunteer army whose goal was to retake Jerusalem. Many people volunteered. About 30, 000 men left Western Europe to fight in Jerusalem.

Other Crusades p p More Crusades: It was a short victory. Less than 50 years later, Muslims once again conquered Jerusalem. Again the pope called for a crusade to take back the city. The Second Crusade lasted from 1147 -1149. It was not successful. The Third Crusade lasted from 1189 -1192. It was not successful. The Fourth Crusade lasted from 1202 -1204. Instead of attacking Jerusalem, the crusaders attacked Constantinople. They stole statues, money, paintings and jewelry. They burned libraries. They destroyed churches. Their ridiculous excuse was that they needed money to defend Constantinople from the same fate as Jerusalem, as well as to fund the rescue of Jerusalem. The people of Constantinople did not find this excuse acceptable, and they were filled with hatred for the west.

Effects of the Crusades p p Although the crusades failed, they had a major impact on Western Europe. They helped to break down feudalism by increasing the authority of kings. n Some nobles died in battle without leaving an heir. Their lands passed to the king. n Some nobles sold their land in an effort to raise money to pay the special tax levied by the king to offset the cost of the crusades. n Some nobles gave their serfs a chance to buy their freedom in an effort to raise money they needed to buy armor and weapons n Some young men who could buy their way out of feudal obligation joined the crusades. Many died. That reduced the work force. If a farm failed, it passed to the king. From their exposure to superior Muslim technology, Europeans learned how to n Build better ships n Use a compass Western Europe began to express an interest in trade. The crusaders brought back luxury goods. These items were vastly popular. To get more, Western Europe began to trade with her neighbors. Goods brought back included: n Silk n Spices n Sugar n Art n Literature

The Inquisition

The Inquisition p p Around 1232, the Church started a new program This court was staffed with church officials who were supposed to seek out and punish people suspected of not obeying the church. Heresy is any act or action against the church or church beliefs. A heretic is someone who commits an act of heresy. It was an awful time. The court of Inquisition was open to great abuse.

Black Death

The Black Death p p p erupted in the Gobi Desert in the late 1320 s began there and spread outward China the population dropped from around 125 million to 90 million (14 th century) Bubonic plague is the medical term an organism, most usually carried by rodents Fleas infest the animal (rats, but other rodents as well), and these fleas move freely over to human hosts.

Europe Get HIT

Black Death Cycle

Black Death Pictures

Effects of the Black Death p p p Population-30% of the population of Europe was killed in two years Economy-Financial business was disrupted, Construction projects stopped Culture-the plague touched everyone, rich and poor alike Art-brutality appeared in paintings Politics- Government did not know hot to control

Changes in the Middle Ages p p p introduction of gunpowder increased importance of cities economic and demographic crises political dislocation and realignment powerful new currents in culture and religion

Achievements of the Middle Ages p p p p Things were pretty rough during 500 to 1500, in medieval Europe. It was a period of famine and war. But it was not without its achievements. Law: Justinian's Code, Great Council (Parliament), Magna Carta Commerce: Marketplace & Trade Fairs, Banks Buildings: Cathedrals, Castles Education: Guilds, Universities Pride and Honor: Code of Chivalry, Heraldry, Holy Relics The Arts: Stained Glass Windows, Tapestries, Gregorian Chants, Medieval Music, Epic Poetry, Troubadours, Illuminated Manuscripts, Mystery Plays, Miracle Plays, Morality Plays Agricultural Advancement: Horse-drawn plow, Horse Collar, Horseshoes

Hundred Years’ War p When the last French king in the direct Capetian line died in 1328 AD, the English king Edward III, who already held a large part of France, claimed the right to rule all of France - to be the king of France as well as the king of England. At this time Edward III was only eighteen years old. War broke out in 1338. At first the English won some big battles. But the war went on and on, even after Edward III died in 1377. Partly because of the Black Death, neither side could really end the war. Under their new young king Henry V, the English won a especially big battle at Agincourt in 1415, where Henry used a new weapon, cannons, to help him win the battle.

Joan of Arc p p p a national heroine, led the resistance to the English invasion of France in the Hundred Years War. Dressed as a man brought inspiration and a sense of national identity and self-confidence