Europe Faces Revolution Nationalism Challenges Conservative Power Greece

Europe Faces Revolution ⦿Nationalism Challenges Conservative Power

Greece ⦿ 1 st European country to win self-rule • Former part of Ottoman Empire (which was crumbling at this time, but not fully until 1922) ⦿Cause of Greek independence was popular throughout Europe ⦿Major powers such as Britain/Russia/France recognize an independent Greece in 1830.

1848 Revolutions ⦿Congress of Vienna? ⦿There were uprisings in: • France, Prussia (Germany, Austria), Italy, Greece, Poland, & Hungary Why? ⦿ • • Nationalism The people wanted more democracy! ⦿Revolutionaries failed to unite the nations, so they actually took a step backwards.

⦿ 1830 - King wants absolute power France ⦿Revolt of people June Rebellion 1832 ⦿Louis-Philippe (more Liberal) king replaces old one (1830 -1848) ⦿A Paris mob overthrows gov’t replaces it with a representative government- it falls apart ⦿Call for a president ⦿Louis-Napoleon III elected president- Nephew of Napoleon Bonaparte. • Four years later- becomes emperor • Good leader

Russia ⦿ 1800’s still under feudalism ⦿Russia still had not experienced a(n)… WRITE DOWN THE ANSWER!!! ⦿Due to old ways, Russia was falling behind other European countries ⦿Alexander II- freed serfs, 1861 ⦿Nationalism encouraged industrialism, and also ethnic groups wanting their own nations.

Weakness leads to desperate measures. Old Empires Fall ⦿Russia- Russification- forced culture on all ethnic groups ⦿Ottoman- Turks felt superior to other ethnic groups; genocide against Armenians 18941896; 1915 Strength or Weakness?

Italy ⦿Camillo Cavour – Prime minister of Sardinia • Allied with Napoleon III, brought revolution and unity in N. Italy ⦿Giuseppe Garibaldi – unified S. Italy ⦿Cavour invaded Papal states, so S. voted to unite w/Cavour and N. Italy ⦿National unification of Italy, but still culturally, economically divided Pope’s ⦿Capital = Rome Power?

Destiny of the weak is to be devoured by the strong. ⦿Germany Confederation – loose union of German states; Prussia – largest; Austria – head of confederation ⦿Otto von Bismarck- Prussia’s Prime Minister • Realpolitik – seek advantage for nation-state by any means, including war and breaking treaties • Wanted to go to war to unify Germany under Prussian rule

Wars of Unification • 7 Weeks War – Bismarck & Prussia against Austria. (Here they go again!) ● Treaty ending the war set up a (mostly) united Germany under Prussian control

Wars of Unification (cont. ) • Franco-Prussian War – Napoleon III declared war on Prussia. • Southern German states (not yet united w/the rest of Germany). They sided w/Prussia because disliked France. Defeated France and all German states now unified • Following Franco-Prussian War all German States unified. • Germany now an Empire w/Kaiser Wilhelm I as emperor

Bismarck ⦿Strengthened ⦿Tried Industry to crush opposition parties ⦿Bismarck’s policies left Germany strong, but w/o parliamentary democracy. When Wilhelm I died, his son succeeded him (Wilhelm II) and dismissed Bismarck (1890)

Results ⦿Balance of Power- Undone • GOODBYE CONGRESS OF VIENNA • Britain, France, Austria, Prussia and Russia no longer equal • Britain and Germany = strongest • France = middle • Austria and Russia = weak

Exit Slip ⦿ 1. Which aging empires suffered from the forces of nationalism? ⦿ 2. What advantages did Prussia have in leading the German states to unity? ⦿ 3. How can nationalism be both a unifying and a disunifying force?

Europe Faces Revolution ⦿Nationalism I can compare/contrast the rise of nationalism in German & Italian states. Challenges Conservative Power I can define the characteristics of nationalism.