Europe Balkan Peninsula Black Sea Asia Minor Peloponnesus

Europe Balkan Peninsula Black Sea Asia Minor Peloponnesus Peninsula 5 A #1 Africa Mediterranean Sea Aegean Sea

Kingdom of Macedonia Dardanelles Straits Troy Sparta Athens Greece Map (white = land, grey = water) 5 A #1

Trade (barter, then coins): Had Trade (barter, then to trade in to order coins): Had tradeto in get resources. order Trade to get resources they couldn’t produce. First exchanged one good forone (barter, good for another, then adopted coinage from then coins) adopted coinage their trade partners, the from their trade Phoenicians. partners, the Phoenicians. Fishing: Limited agriculture, but long coastlines abundant water encouraged Greeks to obtain food the Greeks tofrom obtain ocean. food from the ocean. Fishing: Colonies Mountainous Terrain, Abundant Coastline, Peninsulas, & Islands Cause: Skilled Seafarers: Being surrounded by Long coastlines Skilled water encouraged much sea travel. Seafarers Athenssea had atravel. strong much Navy. Athens had a strong navy. 5 A #2 Colonies: space Limited space and arable land caused Greeks to caused populate. Greeks nearby regions. to populate nearby regions. City-States: political unit – City-States: political city && unit – city surrounding area. City-States surrounding Small, isolated area. Small, communities. isolated communities. Limited Agriculture: Arable land was not in abundance. Rocky terrain. Limited Arable land Agriculture: was not in abundance. Rocky terrain. Isolation: Communities had difficulty interacting with one another because of the environment. Isolation

ESSENTIAL QUESTION: 1. How did the mountains, seas, islands, harbors, peninsulas, and straits of the Aegean Basin shape Greek economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization? • Greek communities were isolated by mountains, peninsulas, and islands so governments originally developed into small city-states instead of large kingdoms and empires. • Greeks turned to the ocean as a food source because good farmland was limited. Through this, they became good sailors and traded with neighbors in order to obtain resources they didn’t have in Greece. • Over time, population increases and a need for more farmland caused some Greeks to colonize neighboring regions. 5 A

Greek Mythology: Gods & Goddess God/Goddess Zeus King of the gods, God of Lightning Hera Queen of the gods, Goddess of Marriage Apollo God of Poetry and the Sun Artemis Goddess of the Hunt and the Moon Athena Goddess of Warfare and Wisdom Aphrodite 5 B Role (ex. God of Fire) Goddess of Love and Beauty Picture

2. Greek Mythologies Influence on Western Culture • Ex. Nike is the Greek goddess of strength, speed, and victory. • Her name is used by the modern sport apparel/equipment company. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: 1. How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition? • Greeks attributed natural occurrences and disasters to the gods. • Greeks gods acted and resembled humans, but had supernatural powers. 2. What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the contemporary world? • Greek mythology is in modern phrases, artwork, popular media, literature, etc. 5 B

ANCIENT GREEK GOVERNMENT STYLES Government Who Rules? Rule based on… Characteristics of Greek City. Rulers State Example Monarchy King Heredity Some rulers claim divine right. Athens (1600 -1100 B. C. E. ) Aristocracy Nobility Hereditary and based on land ownership Social status/wealth support rulers’ authority Athens Tyranny Direct Democracy Powerful Individual All citizens Appeals to poor and seizes power Citizenship Seize power during clashes between aristocrats and commoners Majority rule decides vote (594 B. C. E. ) Athens (621 B. C. E. – Draco; 594 B. C. E. Solon) Athens (461. B. C. E. ) Oligarchy Small group of citizens Wealth Group controls the military Sparta (800 -600 B. C. E. )

Ancient Greece Venn Diagram – Sparta vs. Athens Unique Characteristics Government: Oligarchy Women: Active lives, should bear strong men Military: All men must serve most of their life Began military training at age 7 Art and Literature: Limited handicrafts Sparta Unique Characteristics Government: Slavery: Accepted by both cultures Religion: Greek mythology Citizenship: Childhood/Education: 5 C #2 Shared Characteristics Only males born to citizens Direct Democracy Women: Confined to home Military: Strong navy Childhood/Education: Male citizens were educated in schools Art and Literature: Many famous scientists, philosophers, artists, discoveries, etc. Athens

3. Greek Tyrants Draco and Solon made reforms that laid the groundwork for Athenian Democracy. a. Draco: Wrote the first legal code of Athens b. Solon: Allowed more citizens to participate in the Athenian assembly 4. Using the glossary of your textbook and the internet, write at least a 1 sentence definition for each of the following democratic terms: a. Civic duty: All citizens are responsible for participating in the government. b. Public debate: All proposed policies/laws should be discussed before being enacted. c. City-state/polis: A Greek city & its surrounding lands functioning as an independent unit. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: 1. How did democracy develop in Athens? • Originally, only large land owners had a voice in the government, but over time, some tyrants and politicians expanded government participation to all male citizens. 2. How did Sparta differ from Athens? • Spartans focused on military training and only a few citizens were able to make legal decisions. • All male citizens of Athens had a voice in the government and enjoyed some freedoms. 5 C

1. The Persian Empire is established. 2. The Persian Empire & Greek citystates argue over territory. 3. Persian Wars united Athens & Sparta against the Persians. 4. Importance of the Persian Wars Athens defeats the Persians at the Battles of Marathon & Salamis. 5. Greeks win control of the Aegean. 6. Athens becomes the most powerful city-states & the Golden Age of Greece begins.

1. Athens & the Delian League dominate Greek politics & economics. 2. Sparta does not want to be controlled by powerful Athens & the Delian League. 3. The Delian & Peloponnesian Leagues battle for control of Greece. 4. Importance of the Peloponnesian Wars Sparta & the Peloponnesian League (allied city-states) win. 5. Greek cultural achievements begin to decline & political power is weakened. 6. King Phillip II of Macedonia conquers all of Greece.

ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS: 1. Why were wars with Persia important to the development of Greek culture? • • The Persian Wars united the Greek city-states. Greek victory led to the Golden Age of Greece. 2. Why was the Peloponnesian War important to the spread of Greek culture? • The Peloponnesian War weakened many powerful city-states which allowed King Philip II of Macedonia and his son Alexander to conquer and unite Greece, and later conquer nearby regions. 5 D #1

The Golden Age of: Greece, Athens, & Pericles Democracy Reconstruction Parthenon 5 E #1 • Pericles extended voting to all male citizens of Athens, thus expanding democracy. • Pericles commissioned the reconstruction of the Athens after its destruction during the Persian Wars. • Pericles commissioned to reconstruction of the Parthenon after its destruction during the Persian Wars (present day structure).

ESSENTIAL QUESTION: 1. Why was the leadership of Pericles important to the development of Athenian life and Greek culture? • Under the leadership of Pericles, Athens became the most powerful city-state in Greece. • He pioneered democracy which later influenced Rome and the U. S. • A stable government, economy, and thriving city allowed the brightest minds of the time to learn, teach, invent, create, and discover. 5 E #1

5 F #1 Famous Greeks Who Contributed to Western Civilization Name Category Description: why are they so famous? Aeschylus Drama An Athenian playwright. He was the first great tragedian. Sophocles Drama An Athenian playwright. He wrote tragedies with strong female roles. Homer Poetry Homer composed two of the most important works of Greek literature, the Odyssey and the Iliad. Herodotus History The “Father of History, ” he wrote about the Greek victory in the Persian Wars in his book, The Histories. Thucydides History An Athenian general who wrote about the history of the Peloponnesian War. Phidias Sculpture A great sculptor who carved giant statues of Zeus and Athena. Archimedes Science In addition to many mathematical and scientific discoveries, he invented the compound pulley to lift heavy objects. Hippocrates Science The “Father of Modern Medicine. ” Made doctors take an oath to always help people. Euclid Mathematics First to investigate geometry. Pythagoras Mathematics Discovered the Pythagorean Theorem used to calculate the area of a triangle. Socrates Philosophy Questioned everything and taught many other philosophers. Taught Plato Philosophy His writings about an ideal government continue to influence politics. Founded The Academy, the first university. Taught Aristotle Philosophy He believed that one should use observation and experience to learn the truth. Taught Alexander the Great.

Greek Columns • Classical types of Greek columns. • Greeks used the columns extensively in their architecture and decoration. • The Romans, Europeans, and Americans adopted their style. (Western Civilization) 5 F #2

5 F #3 The Parthenon Looks like… United States Supreme Court • Located in Athens, Greece atop the Acropolis. • Current building was commissioned by Pericles after the destruction of the Persian Wars. • Temple to honor the city-state’s patron goddess, Athena.

Asia Indian Civilization Europe Kingdom of Macedonia Greek Civilization Africa Egyptian Civilization The Empire of Alexander the Great included all of the above civilizations, kingdoms, and empires. 5 G #1 Persian Empire

2. What is “Hellenism”? • Predominately Greek culture mixed with some aspects of Egyptian, Persian, and Indian cultures. ESSENTIAL QUESTION: (Use the answer in #2 above to answer the question below) 1. How did the empire of Alexander the Great establish a basis for the spread of Hellenistic culture? • As Alexander conquered much of the ancient world, he created new Greek cities in foreign lands. • Merchants followed his army and established trade posts along the way. • Various cultures in the ancient world began to mix. 5 G

Standard 5 Analysis Pericles' Funeral Oration (excerpts) Written by Thucydides in his book, History of the Peloponnesian War Speech was made during the Peloponnesian War by the prominent Athenian politician Pericles Questions: Answer each question in a complete sentence. 1. The purpose of Pericles' speech was to honor those who had died in the early campaigns of the Peloponnesian War. Why do you think Pericles first speaks of how Athens became a great empire? • Remind Athenians of what they are fighting for in order to inspire them and make them remember that their sons/husbands/etc. died for a purpose. 2. Why do you think Pericles refers to the Spartans without once mentioning them by name? • Athenians knew who the enemy was, so there was no need to name them, the description was enough. 3. What seem to be Pericles' motives by comparing Athens to Sparta? • Again, Pericles is trying to inspire. He wants Athenians to remember how unique and progressive they are compared to Spartans. He portrays Athenians as civilized people and Spartans as barbarians. The speech was made in the middle of the war, so he somehow needs to motivate people to continue to fight.