Europe After WWI Preview and Processing 1 2

Europe After WWI

Preview and Processing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. What do you call this type of painting? What do you see in the painting? Why do you think this type of art developed after WWI? Do you like the painting? Why or why not? What conclusions can you draw about the 1920’s based on the painting?

The Persistence of Memory, 1931

n New Democracies unstable n n No experience Too many political parties n n German Republic n Weimar Republic n n n Losing side Inflation Dawes Plan n n Coalition gov’t = no leadership Charles Dawes: loan from US to stabilize economy 1929 things look good Treaties n Kellogg-Briand peace pact

Making the Connection n What futuristic concept is theoretically possible via theory of relativity? Society Changed n Technology n Cars, air travel (Charles Lindbergh 1927), radio (KDKA Pittsburgh) n Science n Albert Einstein: theory of relativity (E=mc 2) n Explain speed of light (constant) n relation to the speed of Earth n Splitting an atom

n Ideas n Children w/ ind. Spirit n Women got the right to vote wh/ = new careers n Margaret Sanger: birth control n Art and Literature n Surrealist: unconscious mind n Salvador Dali n T. S. Eliot & James Joyce n Harlem Renaissance n Jazz n Langston Hughes, Claude Mc. Kay n Movies: Hollywood n Isolationism: avoid political contact w/ other

The Great Depression n 10 -24 -1929 = Black Thursday n Markers

n n Decline in the standard of living Weaknesses in economy 1. Overproduction & under consumption n 60%; 2, 000 yr. n Stores cut orders, factories cut production workers laid off

2. Farmers n New scientific methods=better crops wh/ = more food (grain) n Loans for new machinery n Competition from abroad n Surplus wh/ = decrease in prices n Farmers couldn’t pay loans wh/ = bank closings

3. 4. Stock Speculation n Depending on stock market to always do well n Did not heed warning signs Worldwide Effect n n Weakened new democracies unemployment

Making the Connection 1. 2. How can an economic crisis weaken newly formed democracies? In an economic crisis, what do people want in a leader?

The United States n Franklin Delano Roosevelt (FDR) 1932 -1945 n Wealthy NY family n Polio wh/ = paralyzed n Walk w/ use of braces

n New Deal n Public works projects n Social Security Act n Welfare n Nat’l debt (took the US off the gold standard n Repealed the 18 th Amendment w/ the 21 th Amendment n Banks now insured by fed gov’t & stock market regulated n Fireside chats n Only president elected to 4 consecutive terms in office wh/ = 22 Amendment after his death (limits a president to 2 consecutive terms in office)

New Gov’t Develop n Fascism (fasces) n Emphasized autocrat & nationalist politics n No clear theory or program n Benito Mussolini: Italy n Uniforms, salutes, war cries, mass rallies n Ea. Class w/ place and function

n Benito Mussolini (Italy) n Newspaper editor n Blackshirts: get rid of opponents n 10 -24 -1922: King Victor Emmanuel II n Prime Minister n Emergency powers n Total loyalty to st. (totalitarian) n Censorship n IL Duce n He made the trains run on time. n “Mussolini is always right”

Making the Connection n Based on this photograph, what conclusion can you draw about Mussolini and Hitler?

n Adolf Hitler (GER) n Picture of Mussolini n Born in Austria 1889 n Dropped out of HS & went to Vienna to study art. n Lg. Jewish pop in Vienna n Rejected by Vienna Academy of Fine Arts n Bummed around city for few yrs.

n Fought WWI earned 2 iron crosses n After WWI moved to Munich & joined National Socialist German Workers Party (NAZI) n. Swastika n. Storm Trooper/ Brown Shirts n. Fuhrer

Making the Connection n n What was the original meaning of the swastika? The word "swastika" comes from the Sanskrit svastika "su" meaning "good, " "asti" meaning "to be, " and "ka" as a suffix. The swastika was used by many cultures throughout the past 3, 000 years to represent life, sun, power, strength, and good luck. Germans used this because it had a direct connection to the Aryans

n 1923 attempted coup n Sentenced to 5 yrs in prison of wh/ he served 9 mos n Mein Kampf: inferior races should be destroyed n Germans = master race n The Jewish Question n Lebensraum

n Hitler ignored until 1930’s n 1 -30 -1933 Hitler = chancellor n Joseph Goebbels: Minister of Propaganda n Reichstag fire n Enabling Act

Totalitarian State: SS (protection squad) n Economic control n Nat’l labor Front n Building highways & weapons n 1932 6 mil – 1936 1. 5 mil

n Cultural control n Ministry of Culture: music, painting, press, broadcasting, literature, drama, film n Men = military n Women=motherhood n Hitler youth=future

Making the Connection 1. 2. 3. Why were the Hitler Youth an important part of Hitler’s plan to achieve a master race? Why are the young / school aged children always an important factor in radical governments? Can you name other radical gov’ts that have began their movements with the young?

n Persecution of Jews n 1% total pop n Nuremberg Laws n Anti-Semitism n No public office, citizenship n Could not: fly GER flag, write, publish, act, teach, work in hospitals or banks, sell books n Required to wear Star of David

n Kristallnacht n 11 -7 -1938: Jewish 17 yr. old boy killed a member of the GER embassy in Paris n November 9 -10, 1938 “spontaneous” violence against Jews n 15 hrs: 7, 500 shops & businesses and 275 synagogues burned, damaged and destroyed n Final Solution to Jewish Question: Concentration camps

n Hirohito (Japan) n Territorial integrity n Militarist “cult of the emperor”

League of Nations n GB & FR: appeasement v. Collective Security n Japan invades Manchuria “puppet gov’t” Chiang Kai-shek n Mao Tse-tung n n Ethiopia 1890’s n Ind. Nation n Oct. 1935 n Haile Selassie: “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow. ” n

Making the Connection Part I 1. What do you think Haile Selassie meant when he said in his 1936 address to the LON: “It is us today. It will be you tomorrow. ”

Making the Connection P 2 2. What conclusions can you draw by comparing the two photographs? 3. Why did Italy want Ethiopia? 4. What was being tested?

Hitler Violates the Treaty of Versailles (TOV) n Rhineland: March 7, 1936 n Rome-Berlin Axis: Oct. 1936 n Rome-Berlin-Japan: Nov. 1936