Eukaryotic Tree of Life FUNGI are POLYPHYLETIC F

“Eukaryotic Tree of Life”

“FUNGI” are POLYPHYLETIC F F F

STRAMENOPILES (= HETEROKONTS) 28 31 29 30

HETEROKONT FLAGELLA 32

STRAMENOPILES: Oomycetes (Heterotrophic) 34 31 33 20

OOMYCETES Nutrition: Hyphal Structure: Cell Wall Composition: Ploidy: Mode of Sexuality:

8 5 Water Molds: Saprolegnia 6

4 2 7 3

SAPROLEGNIA: Holomorph 33

Saprolegnia: Anamorph

Saprolegnia: Zoosporangium 34 35

Saprolegnia: Teleomorph

Saprolegnia: Gametangia: Oogonium, Antheridum (Mostly Homothallic)

Saprolegnia: Zygote, Oospore

Achlya 37 (Most homothallic, a few heterothallic) 36

Pythium

Pythium: “Damping Off Disease” 10 12 11 13

Pythium: Holomorph Fig. 23 -21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996

Pythium: Anamorph Fig. 23 -21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996

Pythium: Teleomorph Fig. 23 -21 in Alexopoulos et al. 1996

Phytophthora: “Plant Killer” 14

Late Potato Blight 15 14 (Phytophthora infestans)

IRISH POTATO FAMINE (1845 -1846) 40 Potato Famine Memorial, Dublin 39

Spaniards introduced South American Solanum species to Europe 300 yrs prior to Irish Potato Famine *No evidence for presence of Phytophthora in South American species prior to 1840 s Phytophthora responsible for Late potato blight co-evolved with Mexican Solanum sp. With resistant genes to fungus Alexopoulos et al. 1995

BIRTH OF PLANT PATHOLOGY Anton de Bary (German) (Described fungal life cycle of Phytophthora infestans (1861, 1863)

Avocado Root Rot 42 (Phytophthora cinnamomi) 43

47 Soybean Root Rot 48 49 (Phytophthora sojae) Sarah Cerra, MS Plant Pathology - ISU (2007), BS Botany, Zoology - WNMU (2005)

Phytophthora: Holomorph Fig. 23 -25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995

Phytophthora: Anamorph Fig. 23 -25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995

Phytopthora Anamorph: Sporangiophores and Zoosporangia 50 51

Phytophthora: Teleomorph Fig. 23 -25 in Alexopoulos et al. 1995

Plasmopara 52

Downy Mildew of Grape 16 15 Plasmopara viticola (Downy Mildew and its host grape both native to North America)

Downy Mildew of Grape Phylloxera – Grape Root Aphid Plasmopara viticola

1) Import of American Grape into France to combat Grape Root Aphids + (American and French Species Grafted)

2) Accidental introduction of Plasmopara viticola into France

3) Alexis Millardet (University of Bordeaux) notices that grapes sprayed with copper sulphate and lime are healthier

4) Lab investigations (1882) lead to first fungicide: “Bordeaux Mix” + 2 Copper Sulphate Lime

Peronospora 23 22

Downy Mildews of Tobacco 24 25

Albugo 20

18 White Rust 19 21

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