Eukaryote Classification Old 5 Kingdom system Prokaryote Monera

Eukaryote Classification § Old 5 Kingdom system Prokaryote § Monera, Protists, Plants, Fungi, Animals § New 3 Domain system u reflects a greater understanding of evolution & molecular evidence § Prokaryote: Bacteria § Prokaryote: Archaebacteria AP Biology § Eukaryotes w Protists w Plants w Fungi w Animals 2 Archaebacteria & Bacteria

AP Biology Kingdom Bacteria Kingdom Archaebacteria Kingdom Protist Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Plant 3 Kingdom Animal

Prokaryotes Domain Bacteria Domain Archaebacteria Domain Bacteria AP Biology Domain Archaea Common ancestor Domain Eukarya

Bacteria live EVERYWHERE! § Bacteria live in all ecosystems on plants & animals u in the soil u in depths of the oceans Microbes always u in extreme cold find a way to make a living! u in extreme hot u in extreme salt u on the living u on the dead u AP Biology 5

Bacterial diversity Bonnie Bassler How Bacteria Talk to Each Other rods and spheres and spirals… Oh My! Basic shapes Coccus Spirilla bacillus Fancier shapes staph- a cluster strep- a linear chain AP Biology 6

eukaryote cell Prokaryote Structure § Unicellular u prokaryote cell bacilli, cocci, spirilli § Size u 1/10 size of eukaryote cell § 1 micron (1 um) § Internal structure u u AP Biology no internal compartments § no membrane-bound organelles § only ribosomes circular chromosome, naked DNA § not wrapped around proteins (histones) § Some have plasmids 7

Prokaryote vs. Eukaryote Chromosome Prokaryote Eukaryote double helix AP Biology 8

mitochondria Variations in Cell Interior cyanobacterium (photosythetic) bacterium aerobic bacterium chloroplast AP Biology inter na for p l memb rane hoto s s like a ch ynthesis (thyl loroplas t akoi ds) 9 nes a r b em m l a on n i t r a e t r i in sp ion e r r d r n fo cho o t i m a e) e a t k s li i (cr

Prokaryote Cell Wall Structure How to Gram Stain bacteria Gram-positive bacteria peptide side chains cell wall peptidoglycan plasma membrane That’s important for your doctor to know! protein peptidoglycan = polysaccharides + amino acid chains lipopolysaccharides = lipids + polysaccharides Gram-negative bacteria cell wall outer membrane of lipopolysaccharides outer membrane peptidoglycan AP Biology 10 plasma membrane

Prokaryotic metabolism § How do bacteria acquire their energy & nutrients? u photoautotrophs § photosynthetic bacteria u chemoautotrophs § oxidize inorganic compounds w nitrogen, sulfur, hydrogen… u heterotrophs § live on plant & animal matter § decomposers & pathogens AP Biology 11

Genetic variation in bacteria § Mutations u bacteria can reproduce every 20 minutes § binary fission u error rate in copying DNA § 1 in every 200 bacteria has a mutation § you have billions of E. coli in your gut! w lots of mutation potential! § Genetic recombination u bacteria swap genes § plasmids w small supplemental circles of DNA § conjugation AP Biology conjugation w direct transfer of DNA 12

Horizontal Gene Transfer § As opposed to “parent” to “offspring” § Can be done 3 ways Conjugation= bacteria to bacteria u Transduction=virus to bacteria u Transformation= from exogenous material to bacteria (or eukaryotic cells) u AP Biology 13

§ One bacterium conjugation serves as the donor of genetic information while the other is the recipient u u AP Biology 14 Could be a fertility factor or resistance factor that is given Passed in the form of a plasmid (small circular piece of DNA) through a pilus (conjugation tube)

Transduction -a virus can introduce DNA from one host into another host -the new host incorporates the new DNA and starts to make copies of it AP Biology 15

Transformation vs. transfection § Exogenous DNA is taken up by a bacterium and incorporated Bacteria can do u Eukaryotes can do u AP Biology 16

Bozeman on Bacteria AP Biology 17

Bacteria as pathogens § Disease-causing microbes u plant diseases § wilts, fruit rot, blights u animal diseases § § § § AP Biology tooth decay, ulcers anthrax, botulism plague, leprosy, “flesh-eating” disease STDs: gonorrhea, chlamydia typhoid, cholera TB, pneumonia lyme disease 18

Bacteria as beneficial (& necessary) § Life on Earth is dependent on bacteria u decomposers § recycling of nutrients from dead to living u nitrogen fixation § only organisms that can fix N from atmosphere w needed for synthesis of proteins & nucleic acids w plant root nodules u help in digestion (E. coli) § digest cellulose for herbivores w cellulase enzyme § produce vitamins K & B 12 for humans u produce foods & medicines § from yogurt to insulin AP Biology 19