Eucaryotic Cells Biology 12 B1 Functional relationships of

Eucaryotic Cells Biology 12 B-1 Functional relationships of cellular structures

Eucaryotic Cells n n n Distinct Nucleus. organelles except the ribosomes enclosed with a membrane. Can be plant, animal or fungi.

Eucaryotic Cells n n n These are both Eucaryotic cells. The cell on the left is an animal cell. the cell on the right is a plant cell

Animal cell Organelles n n contain centrioles do not contain a cell wall or chloroplasts

Plant Cell organelles n Surrounded by a Cell wall. n n Contain plastids. n n made of cellulose to stiffen and support the cell. chloroplasts convert sunlight and carbon dioxide into glucose. Large central vacule. n used to store various molecules and support the cell.

Animal and Plant Cell Organelles n plasma membrane. n n on the outside of the animal cell. just inside the cell wall of a plant cell.

Animal Cell plasma membrane n two layers of phospholipids. n n n five types of proteins imbedded. n n pumps, pores, enzymes, receptors, cell recognition. carbohydrate chains on the outer surface n n flexible regulate passage of molecules. Glycolipid, Glycoprotein for cellular ID cholesterol n stiffens and strengthens membrane

Cell Wall n n Made of interwoven cellulose fibers. Cellulose is a polymer of glucose. Lignin glues fibers together. Provides a rigid permeable covering for plant cells.

Chloroplasts n Only found in plant cells Converts CO 2 into carbohydrates using light energy. Photosynthesis n 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 n n

Mitochondria n n Both animal and plant cells have mitochondria. Energy converters

Mitochondria Double layered. n n Contain DNA n n inner cristae. matrix. [space] inherited from the mother. Performs cellular respiration n n Converts glucose and oxygen into ATP energy and carbon dioxide. C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria glucose and oxygen carbon dioxide, water n Chloroplast n n Mitochondria n n Photosynthesis. uses the energy of the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose. Oxygen is a waste product. Cellular respiration uses the glucose and oxygen to make usable ATP energy for the Cell. Water and carbon dioxide are waste products Carbon, oxygen and hydrogen are recycled between the two organelles

Cytoskeleton n Microtubules and microfilaments. n n Maintain cell shape. Control the movement of organelles within the cytoplasm.

Cilia and Flagella n Both are extensions of the cytoplasm n n n Cilia are shorter. n n contain a 9 plus 2 pattern of microtubules. move in and undulating of oar-like motion. the upper micro photo shows cilia used to sweep debris and mucous up the trachea. Flagella are longer n shown on the spermatozoan.

Endoplasmic Reticulum n a system of membrane channels that connect the nucleus with the plasma membrane.

Endoplasmic Reticulum n Rough ER [RER] n n n covered with ribosomes. assemble and transport proteins. Smooth ER [SER] n no attached ribosomes. transport proteins to the Golgi apparatus. produce steroid hormones. n n n testosterone in the testis. estrogen and progesterone in the ovary detoxify drugs. n cells of the liver

Ribosomes n Attached to the RER n n assembly point for proteins that will be secreted by the cell. polyribosome / polysome. n n Groups of ribosomes which synthesize proteins that will be used within the cell. peptide/protein strands can be seen forming on this polysome

Golgi [Body / apparatus] n n n Pancake-like stacks of membranes. receive proteins from the ribosomes. sort, modify, repackage these proteins into vesicles. n n vesicles can be used to secrete protiens from the cell. vesicles containing digestive enzymes can remain with in the cell and form lysosomes. these will fuse with incoming food vacuoles and the enzymes will cut up the food into subunits Vesicles are small and contain protein, vacuoles are larger.

n n Produced by the Golgi body Contain hydrolytic enzymes for digestion of food particles. Digest old and worn out organelles. Digest worn out cells. [Autolysis]

n Vacuole n n Large membrane enclosed sac. Used for storage of many substances. Larger in plants. Help support the plant. Protists use these for expelling water.

Nucleus/Nucleolus n Nucleus n n Nuclear envelope n n Stores genetic information as DNA and proteins as chromatin a double membrane with pores that allow protein synthesis information to be carried to the ribosomes Nucleolus n produces ribosomal RNA that are assembled into ribosomes.

n Chromatin n n Grainy material made of DNA and protein. Chromosomes n n Coiled DNA and Protein. Enables DNA to separate during Cell Division.