Etymology terms Euphemism A word or phrase that

Etymology terms

Euphemism • A word or phrase that is considered less offensive or less vulgar than the one it replaces • “she passed away today”

Colloquial language • Everyday language; usually applies to the spoken word

Cognates • Words formed by combining the roots of 2 different languages

Blend words • Words that blend two already defined words: for example, “smog” (smoke+fog) or “jazzercise” (jazz music + exercise)

Hybrids • A word which etymologically has one part derived from one language, and another part from another language • Ex: bioluminescence Greek “bios” meaning “living” + Latin “lumen” meaning “light”

linguistics • Study of the origins and structure of human language • Sub-disciplines include evolutionary linguistics, historical linguistics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, and neurolinguistics

semantics • Study in the historical change in the meaning of words – how language conveys meaning • For example, the sentence “Colorless green ideas sleep furiously. ” is wellformed in word order, but makes no sense! • Or “A student met every professor. ” A different student, or the same student?

Word component • Part of a word, such as the root

Abstract word • A word not perceived by the five senses • Ex: love, success, freedom, good, moral , democracy, and any –ism (chauvinism, Communism, feminism, racism, etc. )

Clipped words • New words that are shortened forms of existing words (for example, “cab” which was clipped from “cabriolet, ” which was a one-horse carriage with 2 seats and a folding top)

analogy • The process of connecting information from one subject to another particular subject • Example: Milk : Cow : : Egg : Chicken Analogies have been discussed since classical antiquity by philosophers, scientists, and lawyers!

inflection • Alteration of a word to indicate different grammatical and syntactical relations

jargon • Specialized expressions native to a particular field, subculture, or region

affix • Word element attached to a root word • Can be a prefix, suffix, combined form, or infix (“infix” is a word inserted within the base form)

acronym • Word formed from the initial letters or groups of letters of words in a phrase or series of words • Examples: MADD (Mother’s Against Drunk Driving), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)

Apheresis and aphesis • Removal of a letter, syllable, or unaccented vowel from the beginning of a word, such as “coon” for “racoon” or “till” for “until”

Romance languages • Comprise all the languages derived from Latin, the language of ancient Rome • 6 most common: Spanish, Portuguese, French, Italian, Romanian, and Catalan (the official language of Andorra, a small country in southwestern Europe)

infusion • Process by which words are introduced into another language

doublet • Words in different languages derived from the same root • Ex: “shirt” and “skirt” both Germanic, the first Old English, the second Old Norse • Ex: “chief” and “chef” both from French (at different times)

Loan words • A word borrowed from one language and incorporated into another • Ex: “hors d’oeuvre” or “détente”

Abbreviations notes • dim. = diminutive, a word used to convey a slight degree of the word meaning, smallness of the object, intimacy, or endearment (such as behaving like or talking to children)

Abbreviations notes cont’d • eccl. = ecclesiastical Meaning a word associated with the church • var. = variant, meaning it differs from another word in form only, being of the same essence/substance

Abbreviations notes cont’d • vulgar = Vulgar Latin, meaning dialects of Latin spoken after the fall of the Roman Empire (in other words, nonstandard) as opposed to classical Latin (standard)