Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder Etiology of Major

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder What does ‘etiology’ mean? • Etiology is the cause or origin of a disease • However, it is more realistic to say that there are contributing factors to depression rather then causes.

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder • There a number of contributing factors to Major Depressive Disorder; the risk of suffering from the disorder increases with each risk factor. • Work in pairs (don’t look at your text books), and think of at least 6 factors you think may contribute to depression.

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder • In IB Psychology we’ll examine the etiologies of Major Depressive Disorder in terms of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural factors. • It is important to remember that these factors do not occur independently; they interact with each other.

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder Biological Factors contributing to Major Depressive Disorders Genes Hormone imbalances Neurotransmitter imbalances Poor diet Lack of proper exercise Chronic illness or the presence of another mental disorder • Techno-brain burnout (Small & Vorgan, 2008) • Under-stimulation of effort-driven rewards system (Lambert, 2008) • • •

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder Biological Factors contributing to Major Depressive Disorders The serotonin hypothesis: Low levels of serotonin causes depression Copper (1967) Support: Some evidence that serotonin may be involved in depression and that it might be linked to stress hormones such as cortisol. Against: There is no research showing a clear link between serotonin and depression. SSRIs can regulate the levels but this does not mean that low levels of serotonin cause depression.

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder Cognitive Factors contributing to Major Depressive Disorders • Cognitive style - perceive and remember information. • Negative attribution style – In what way people explain their positive and negative life experiences.

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder Cognitive Factors contributing to Major Depressive Disorders Support: Bouty et al. (2001) found a significant correlation between amount of negative thoughts and the severity of depression. Correlations not causation!

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder Cognitive Factors contributing to Major Depressive Disorders Against: Correlational research but Lewinshohn et al. (2001) found that negative thinking, dissatisfaction with oneself and high levels of stressors preceded episodes of depression. Longitudinal study with 1500 adolecsents. This confirms that cognitive vulnerability may play a role in triggering depression after major stress.

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder Sociocultural Factors contributing to Major Depressive Disorders Low self-efficacy Marital problems Parental maltreatment Poverty Descrimination and prejudice • War • Social class • Grieving a loss • • • Aging population Natural disasters Increased urbanisation Media messages Lack of social support Spirits and other culturally based community causes • There are many others • • •

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder Sociocultural Factors contributing to Major Depressive Disorders Support: Brown and Harris research (1978) even though the sample is gender biased. It is generally accepted that social stressors (e. g. war, urbanisation, or restricted gender roles) play a role in mental health. Women are also more likely to be exposed to domestic violence than men are. Sexual violence (? )

Etiology of Major Depressive Disorder