Ethosethical Do the right thing Greek for character

Ethos-ethical � � Do the “right” thing! (Greek for “character”)

Pathos � Emotional appeal (Greek for “suffering” or “experience”)

Logos-Logical (Greek for “word”) • • • Often contain expert testimony Often contain statistical information Suggest that the product is the “logical” or “right” choice

Kairos (Greek for “right time, ” “season” or “opportunity”) � � Refers to the “timeliness” of an argument. “What’s hot now”

FABLE A short story typically with animals conveying a moral.

Fable � � Usually passed down from generation to generation Told to teach a lesson about something Animals, plants, or nature can talk and act like humans-personification! Most famous fables were written by Aesop in 620 B. C. that is over 2, 000 years ago!

The Lion and the Mouse A Lion lay asleep in the forest, his great head resting on his paws. A timid little Mouse came upon him unexpectedly, and in her fright and haste to get away, ran across the Lion's nose. Roused from his nap, the Lion laid his huge paw angrily on the tiny creature to kill her. "Spare me!" begged the poor Mouse. "Please let me go and some day I will surely repay you.

The Lion and the Mouse The Lion was much amused to think that a Mouse could ever help him. But he was generous and finally let the Mouse go. Some days later, while stalking his prey in the forest, the Lion was caught in the toils of a hunter's net. Unable to free himself, he filled the forest with his angry roaring. The Mouse knew the voice and quickly found the Lion struggling in the net. Running to one of the great ropes that bound him, she gnawed it until it parted, and soon the Lion was free.

The Lion and the Mouse "You laughed when I said I would repay you, " said the Mouse. "Now you see that even a Mouse can help a Lion. " The moral of the story is: A good deed or act of kindness is never wasted.

Allegory � � � A story, poem, or picture that can be interpreted to reveal a hidden meaning about human life or politics Dr. Seuss is a famous allegorist Many of his stories are loved by kids but also have a hidden message for adults

Dr. Seuss’ “The Sneetches” � � https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=e. BCUkdd 57 qc "The Sneetches" is a favorite Dr. Seuss story for all kids who have read it. It tells the story of some silly creatures who spend their all their days thinking about how special/terrible they are because of the star they have/don't have on their bellies. A opportunistic person comes along and gets them to spend all their money changing their belly stars. In the end they learn that the stars didn't really matter after all because they were more alike than different. Readers understand immediately how brilliantly Dr. Seuss has illustrated the ridiculousness of racism and the harm it can cause through this beautiful allegory.

Repetition � � � Repetition is a literary device that repeats the same words or phrases a few times to make an idea clearer or stand out. It could be a word, a phrase or a full sentence or a line of poetry repeated to emphasize its significance in the entire text. When we read “The Tell-Tale Heart” it helps intensify the mood and makes the main character sound insane!

Personification Giving human qualities to an animal, object, or abstract thought or idea Examples: � Lightning danced across the sky. � The wind howled in the night. � The car complained as the key was turned. � Rita heard the last piece of pie calling her name. � My alarm clock yells at me every morning. � The avalanche devoured anything standing in its way. �

Taken from Act I, Scene II of Romeo and Juliet ”, “Romeo “When well-appareled April on the heel Of limping winter treads. ” There are two personification examples here. April cannot put on a dress, and winter does not limp and it does not have a heel on which a month can walk. Shakespeare personifies the month of April and the winter season by giving them two distinct human qualities.

Imagery � � � Imagery means to use figurative language to represent objects, actions and ideas in such a way that it appeals to our physical senses. The word imagery is associated with mental pictures Involves the senses- sight, touch, taste, and sound

Identify the sense • • • It was dark and dim in the forest. The children were screaming and shouting in the fields. – “Screaming” and “shouting” He whiffed the aroma of brewed coffee.

Identify the Sense • • The girl ran her hands on a soft satin fabric. The fresh and juicy orange are very cold and sweet.

"Daffodils" by William Wordsworth A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees, Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the Milky Way… As you read through the poem, he paints a wonderful picture of daffodils such as that you can almost picture them in the breeze.

Mood � � � mood is a literary element that evokes certain feelings or vibes in readers through words and descriptions it creates an emotional situation that surrounds the readers developed through setting, theme, tone and diction (word choice)

Wuthering Heights � “There was no moon, and everything beneath lay in misty darkness: not a light gleamed from any house, far or near all had been extinguished long ago: and those at Wuthering Heights were never visible…”

Mood! � If Frozen were a horror film!

Theme � � "an opinion about life or human nature or society that the writer shares with the reader. Usually theme of a work of literature can be stated in one word, such as “love” or “solitude. ” A work of literature can, and often does, have more than one theme. The theme is generally not stated explicitly in the text, but instead is expressed through the characters’ actions, words, and thoughts.

Example of Theme from Harry Potter! � “Do not pity the dead, Harry. Pity the living, and, above all those who live without love. ” � J. K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series contains the major theme of good versus evil. Even more important than this, though, is theme of love. Over the course of the series, Harry Potter learns that he is alive because of his mother’s love, and the sacrifice she made for him. This love, in J. K. Rowling’s conception, is so powerful that it resists the ultimate evil. And, indeed, Lord Voldemort is evil precisely because he is both unable to feel love and unable to grasp its significance. In this quote from the final installment of the series, Dumbledore tells Harry that living without love is the greatest hardship of all.

Science Fiction Genre � Science fiction is a genre of fiction dealing with imaginative content such as futuristic settings, futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, faster than light travel, parallel universes and extraterrestrial life.

Examples of Science Fiction stories � � � � Hunger Games (book/movie) Divergent (book/movie) Alien (movie) Terminator (movie) Star Wards (movie) The Giver (book/movie) I Robot (book/movie)

Author’s Purpose � Why do author’s write? � To entertain (to laugh, cry, explore, etc. ) � To teach (lessons, morals, or specific information) � To persuade or convince (try to get you to think a certain way or do something) � To express themselves-be creative

What is the author’s purpose? Joe had been fishing for over two hours without a single bite. Suddenly there was a nibble at the end of his fishing line. He stood up on the boat and leaned out too far. Just then there was a sharp yank on the line. Joe fell overboard and landed head first into the water. Joe and his friends laughed and laughed.

What is the author’s purpose? The giant panda is a bearlike animal that has thick white fur with black markings on its ears, limbs, shoulders, and around its eyes. The giant panda feeds on bamboo forests at high altitudes in western China. It also eats bulbs, roots, eggs, and some small mammals. The cubs are born in late winter. The giant panda is an endangered species and is protected by the Chinese government.

What is the author’s purpose? It's New! It's Refreshing! It's Slurpy Soda! This is the best soda in the world! If you drink this soda you will jump higher, run faster and be smarter in school. Try one today!

Why Is It Important? � If you know how to figure out author’s purpose you will be able to: � Recognize bias and decide whether a source of information can be trusted. � Bias is prejudice in favor of or against one thing, person, or group compared with another, usually in a way considered to be unfair � Understand why an author says things in a specific way or includes some facts and not others

Connotation � � is the emotional and imaginative association surrounding a word represents the various social overtones, cultural implications, or emotional meanings associated with a sign or meaning of a word

Denotation � � is the strict dictionary meaning of a word Words that "denote" a core meaning are those that are generally used and understood by the users and the audience to represent an object or class of objects, an act, a quality, or an idea

Hollywood � � Connotation- name ‘Hollywood’ connotes such things as glitz, glamour, tinsel, celebrity, and dreams of stardom Denotation- the name ‘Hollywood’ denotes an area of Los Angeles, worldwide known as the center of the American movie industry.

Which one is the connotative meaning and denotative? � � The media were swarming around the pileup on the innerbelt to capture every conceivable injury for the evening news. • The journalists were on the scene at the innerbelt crash to document the incident for the evening news.

Which one is the connotative meaning and denotative? � � Photographers stood patiently along the walkway, awaiting the arrival of the Oscar nominees. The paparazzi lined the walkway anxiously poised to snap the Oscar nominees.

Which one is the connotative meaning and denotative? � � America's Midwest is often referred to as the heartland by Washington congressmen. America's Midwest is often referred to as flyover country by DC politicos.

Hyperbole � � It is a device that we employ in our day-to-day speech It is the exaggeration of ideas for the sake of emphasis For instance, when you meet a friend after a long time, you say, “Ages have passed since I last saw you” hyperbole has a humorous effect created by an overstatement

Examples of Hyperbole � My grandmother is as old as the hills. � Your suitcase weighs a ton! � She is as heavy as an elephant! � I am dying of shame. � I am trying to solve a million issues these days.

Example from Literature � In American folk lore, Paul Bunyan’s stories are full of hyperboles. In one instance, he exaggerates winter by saying: � “Well now, one winter it was so cold that all the geese flew backward and all the fish moved south and even the snow turned blue. Late at night, it got so frigid that all spoken words froze solid afore they could be heard. People had to wait until sunup to find out what folks were talking about the night before. ” � Freezing of the spoken words at night in winter and then warming up of the words in the warmth of the sun during the day are examples of hyperbole that have been effectively used by Paul Bunyan in this short excerpt.

Catharsis � � � It is an emotional discharge through which one can achieve a state of moral or spiritual renewal or achieve a state of liberation from anxiety and stress Catharsis is a Greek word and it means cleansing In literature it is used for the cleansing of emotions of the characters

Catharsis in Literature � � � “Romeo and Juliet” by William Shakespeare In “Romeo and Juliet”, Romeo commits suicide by drinking the poison that he thinks Juliet had tasted too. The audience usually finds themselves crying at this particular moment for several reasons. One because losing a loved one is a feeling that all of us share. Watching or reading such a scene triggers the memories of someone we have lost (either by death or by mere separation) and because we are able to relate to it, we suddenly release the emotions that we have been repressing. “Here’s to my love! [Drinks] O true apothecary! Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a kiss I die. [Falls]”

Allusion � � � is a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance It does not describe in detail the person or thing to which it refers It is just a passing comment and the writer expects the reader to spot the allusion and grasp its importance in a text

Allusions in Literature � � � “This place is like a Garden of Eden. ” – This is a biblical allusion to the “garden of God” in the Book of Genesis. https: //www. youtube. com/watch? v=POJ 7 sris. Sl A Watch the video and complete the end activity

Allusions in Songs � Gangsta’ Paradise – Coolio � As I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I take a look at my life and realize there’s nothing left. Cause I’ve been blastin’ and laughin’ so long that Even my mama thinks my mind is gone. � The allusion here is quite easy to spot: the shadow of death alludes to Psalm 23 or the Psalm traditionally read at funerals.

Allusions in Songs � Shadrach – Beastie Boys � “And the man upstairs, I hope that he cares. If I had a penny for my thoughts I’d be a millionaire. We’re just 3 M. C. ’s and we’re on the go – Shadrach, Meshach, Abednego!” � This song is another that is chock-full of allusions. This is one of the more obvious ones – to the Old Testament by referencing Shadrach, Meshach, and Abednego.

Homework � � � Your homework is to find a song that contains an allusion to history, literature, or some pop culture reference. Write down the lyrics that contain the allusion Then write a short paragraph that tells what is being alluded to/explain the allusion

Legend � � � is a story often believed to be true and in which the characters are usually considered historical by some. Examples include Robin Hood and King Arthur Legends resemble folktales in content; they may include supernatural beings, elements of mythology, or explanations of natural phenomena, but they are associated with a particular place or person and are told as a matter of history

Puns! is produced by using a word that suggests two or more meanings or by exploiting similar sounding words having different meanings

More Puns! � Romeo: “Not I, believe me. You have dancing shoes with nimble soles; I have a soul of lead” (Romeo and Juliet)

Satire � � � Writing to expose and criticize foolishness and corruption of an individual or a society by using humor, irony, exaggeration or ridicule The intention is to improve humanity by criticizing its issues The fictional characters actually stand for real people- expose their corruption

Satire

Hubris � � Hubris is an excess of confidence: a boxer who shouts "I'm the greatest!" even though he's about to get pummeled by a much stronger opponent is displaying a lot of hubris. Hubris is from Greek, where it meant "excessive pride, violating the bounds set for humans" and was always punished by the gods

Hubris in the Odyssey � � Odysseus shows his hubris when he and his men are trying to escape from the Cyclops They drug the monster until it passes out, and then stab him with a timber in his single eye. Cyclops, now blinded, removes the gigantic boulder blocking Odysseus’ escape, and waits for the men to move, so he can kill them. The men escape from the cave to their boat by tying themselves under flocks of rams, so they can easily slip by.

Hubris in the Odyssey Continued � � � Odysseus, now proud after beating the giant, starts to yell at him, instead of making a silent escape. But Odysseus shows hubris by saying that if they were to meet again, he would “take your life” and “hurl you down to hell!” The Cyclops now extremely angry with Odysseus, prays to his father, Poseidon, to make Odysseus “never see his home” Because of Odysseus’ hubris after blinding the Cyclops, Poseidon grants the prayer, and it takes Odysseus 20 years to return home at the cost of the lives of all his men.

Tragic Flaw � � � a character trait that brings about the downfall of the protagonist ironically, in some works, this "flaw" is the character's greatest strength taken to an extreme. It may be a lack of judgment or self-knowledge, but most often it is pride or hubris.

Tragic Flaw-Hunger Games � � � Katniss is just a regular teenage girl living in a harsh post-Apocalyptic world where once a year children are forced to fight to the death. She would have continued to lead this harsh life if it were not for her tragic flawoverprotectiveness She is so protective of other, particularly her sister, that she sacrifices her life for her sisters to go into the Hunger Games