Ethnicity PPT by Abe Goldman What is your

Ethnicity PPT by Abe Goldman

What is your… n. Race? n. Ethnicity? n. Nationality?

n n • n Race – identity with a group that shares the same biological ancestor. Ethnicity – identity with a group that shares the same cultural traditions of a particular hearth. Ethnicity is chosen! Nationality – identity with a group that share legal attachment and personal allegiance as a result of being born there.

Ethnicity n n Ethnicity is the best hope for preservation of local diversity. Even if globalization engulfs language, religion, etc. , regions of distinct ethnicity will remain.

Race or Ethnicity? in U. S. n n n Asian – defines almost the same group as a race or an ethnicity Hispanic – not a race. This group can be white, black, or other. African American and black are different groups. Some blacks trace their cultural heritage to regions other than Africa.

Hispanic-Americans n n n Hispanic – someone from a Spanish speaking country Latino – someone from Latin America Clustered in southwest because it’s closest to Latin America.

Hispanic Americans in the U. S. Fig. 7 -2: The highest percentages of Hispanic Americans are in the southwest and in northern cities.

African-Americans 1. Clustered in the southeast. -due to the former slave states. 2. Clustered in cities. n Example: n Detroit is 80% black, but only 1/14 th of the rest of Michigan is black.

African Americans in the U. S. Fig. 7 -1: The highest percentages of African Americans are in the rural South and in northern cities.

Asian Americans n Clustered on the west coast because it is closest to Asia.

Asian Americans in the U. S. Fig. 7 -3: The highest percentages of Asian Americans are in Hawaii and California.

Native Americans in the U. S. Fig. 7 -4: The highest percentages of Native Americans are in parts of the plains, the southwest, and Alaska.

Ethnicities in Chicago Fig. 7 -5: African Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian Americans, and European Americans are clustered in different areas of the city.

Ethnicities in Los Angeles Fig. 7 -6: Hispanic, white, African American, and Asian areas in and around Los Angeles.

The world is a salad bowl. Not a melting pot.

Why do ethnicities have distinct distributions?

African American Migration Patterns

Pattern #1 *From Africa to American colonies in the 18 th century Triangular trade: -cloth, trinkets to Africa -slaves to Caribbean -sugar, rum to Europe

Pattern #2 *From the U. S. southeast to the north in first half of the 1900 s. Sharecropping – working on rented land turning crops over to owner Technology took away farm jobs, but introduced factory jobs in the north. *Both world wars created demand for labor which increased migration to the north.

African American Migration in the U. S. Fig. 7 -8: Twentieth-century African American migration within the U. S. consisted mainly of migration from the rural south to cities of the Northeast, Midwest, and West.

Pattern #3 Expansion of the Ghetto- From inner city ghettos to urban neighborhoods in second half of 1900 s. n Ghetto – named after neighborhoods Jews were forced to live in n Ghettos – 100, 000 people per square mile n Suburbs – 5000 people per square mile

Race in the U. S. n n n 1896 - separate but equal upheld by Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896. 1954 – segregation ruled unconstitutional in Brown v. Board of Education. “White flight” – many whites fled to the suburbs rather than integrating…

Blockbusting n n Real estate agents told homeowners that their home value would decline as blacks moved in. Bought homes cheap. Resold homes at expensive prices to blacks escaping the overcrowded ghetto. Areas changed from all-white to all-black in a matter of months.

Race in South Africa n Apartheid – physical separation of different races into different areas

History of South Africa n n n n 1652 - Dutch (Boers, Afrikaners) – start settling South Africa. 1795 British take Cape Town The Boers moved inland. Gold and diamonds discovered inland. 1902 war between British and Dutch British win. 1910 Union South Africa

n n n 1948 Dutch start apartheid. Blacks were forced to live in one of ten homelands. WHY? A minority must use oppressive policies to keep control of a majority. Apartheid set up as a response to independence movements in neighboring countries.

Nelson Mandela 1991 – apartheid repealed n NM elected president in 1994. *Whites still make 10 times more than blacks in South Africa n

Compare to the United States… n Average Household Income in 2013 n White $58, 270 n Black $34, 598 n Asian $67, 065

Compare US segregation to South African apartheid. Venn Diagram

Why do conflicts arise among ethnicities? Chapter 8: pages 267 – 273 are included with Chapter 7 Test

Self-determination n concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves *This desire transforms ethnicities into nationalities…

Stateless Nations n n n n Examples of ethnicities that would like their own country… Kurds in Iraq/Iran/Turkey Palestinians in Israel Catalonians in Spain Flemish in Belgium Basques in France/Spain Chechians in Russia

Nation-State a state whose boundary corresponds to a particular ethnicity. n Idea originated in Europe. *No perfect Nation-State exists. *Denmark is closest n

Not a Nation-State Fig. 7 -15: Christians, Sunni Muslims, Shiite Muslims, and Druze are dominant in different areas of the country.

Also Not a Nation-State

Definitely Not a Nation-State

MC Practice All of the following statements about Nation-States are true EXCEPT: A. ) There are no perfect Nation-States today B. ) The first Nation-States originated in Latin America C. ) Nation-States are composed of only one ethnic group that shares a nationality D. ) Every state on earth has more than one ethnicity today E. ) Most Nation-States tend to be small

Africa n n Western powers colonized in mid 1800 s. 14 colonial powers divided Africa into 50 countries. Divisions made without concern for culture, language, or history. Most of these boundaries remain to this day.

Nationalism n loyalty and devotion to a nation. Leaders try to emphasize shared attitudes… centripetal force – something that unifies the people n Ex: Soviet Union forced everyone to speak Russian n centrifugal force – something that divides a state. n Ex: forcing your religion on those who differ. *sometimes nationalism is achieved by promoting negative images of a neighboring state.

Centripetal or Centrifugal? n n n A Nation’s Flag 9 -11 An isogloss. A variety of ethnicities. 92% Catholics in South America The war against ISIS

JOTD n. What caused the divide between the dark and light side? n. A centrifugal Force

Pick a Random Country n Centripetal Forces – What is holding your country together? n Centrifugal Forces – What is pulling your country apart? n TRY FOR UNIQUE ANSWERS

Multiethnic state State that contains more than one ethnicity. Example – every state in existence. n

Multinational State n n Contain two or more ethnic groups with a tradition of self-determination. Ex: United Kingdom and Russia

United Kingdom contains four nationalities. England n Wales n Scotland *The term British refers to these three. n Northern Irish n

n n n 1920 most of Ireland gains independence from Britain. Northern part (protestants) remain with British. Official name – United Kingdom of Britain and Northern Ireland

Happy Fun Good Times Thinking Question n Why are the Welsh, English, and Scottish able to peacefully share a country? National identity is shown through soccer and rugby. …and other centripetal forces – power, economics.

Former Soviet Union n Largest multinational state Included 15 republics When Soviet Union fell, these became independent states… n n Baltic – Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania European – Belarus, Moldova, Ukraine Central Asian – Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan Caucasus – Azerbaijan, Armenia, Georgia

Republics of the Soviet Union Fig. 7 -11: The Soviet Union consisted of 15 republics that included the country’s largest ethnic groups. These all became independent countries in the early 1990 s.

Communism vs. Nationalism In early 1900 s, Nationalism is the driving force. *Karl Marx predicted ethnic identity would be a thing of the past. *Nationalism was more important to most people than communism. Marx was wrong! n Mid 1900 s, Nationalism put on hold during the cold war. *Communism repressed cultural differences. n Fall of communism (1991) has led to revival of ethnic identity, Nationalism has been reborn. n

Still the largest multinational state n Recognizes existence of 39 nationalities. n Ex: Chechens *Russia prevented Chechnya from gaining independence. Why? *Fear other nationalities following suit…. . . and oil. n Russia

Balkans aka the former Yugoslavia

Yugoslavia n n n n n Created after WWII. Many ethnicities lumped together based on Slavic language commonality. Six republics… Bosnia Croatia Macedonia Montenegro Serbia Slovenia

…But Ethnic/Religious Differences n n n Croatians – Roman Catholic Serbs – Eastern Orthodox Bosniaks – Islam

Main Centripetal Force… *The dinar - common economic interests held Yugoslavia together *Also, the leadership of…

Josip Broz Tito n n n Leader of Yugoslavia from 1953 – 1980 Named president for life in 1974. After death in 1980, breakup begins.

Ethnic Regions in Yugoslavia Fig. 7 -22: Yugoslavia’s six republics until 1992 included much ethnic diversity. Brutal ethnic cleansing occurred in Bosnia, Croatia, and Kosovo during the civil wars of the 1990 s.

Which would be more peaceful? One state comprised of six republics representing six different ethnicities. n Six separate states each with self determination. n Breakup of Yugoslavia led to: *more borders = more disputes *frustrated ‘homeless’ ethnicities *ethnic cleansing n

Which region would be most tense?

Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia n n n Bosnia was 40% Muslim, 32% Serbian, and 18% Croatian. Serbs did not want to live in a Muslim dominated country. Serbs ethnically cleansed Muslims to gain political power.

Balkanization n Breakdown of a state due to ethnic conflict. Balkanized - the idea that some areas will never be stable due to the presence of a variety of ethnicities. These conflicts can be a threat to the world as well…. . proven by WWI.

Quote from book: Agree or disagree? n “If peace comes to the Balkans, it will be because in a tragic way ethnic cleansing ‘worked. ’ Millions of people were rounded up and killed or forced to migrate because they constituted ethnic minorities. Ethnic homogeneity may be the price of peace in areas that were once multi ethnic. ”

How many examples of balkanization can you name?

Examples of Balkanization n n Yugoslavia – 7 countries Soviet Union – 15 countries Czechoslovakia – Czechia and Slovakia India – Pakistan and Bangladesh Sudan – North and South

Are there any countries that are balkanized?

Balkanized Examples n Afghanistan n Iraq n Syria n Somalia n Israel n DRC n Do you agree with this list?

Rwanda

Rwanda n n Rwanda was given to Germany. After WWI, Belgium gained control of Rwanda.

Belgium’s system of Racial Classification Tutsis – thought to be superior because they were more white looking *Only Tutsis were allowed to have positions of power. n Hutus – were denied higher education, land ownership, and positions in govt. *Hutus were 85% of the population n

Pursuit of Independence n n Tutsis in power hated the colonial rule and wanted to be more independent. Belgium decided to start favoring the Hutus so they could remain in power longer.

Independence n n 1959 Hutus overthrew Tutsi rule and declared independence for Rwanda. Mass killings of Tutsis took place. Same system of ethnic oppression still in place…… ……only now Hutus are in control.

Exile Many Tutsis fled into neighboring countries. n RPF Rwandan Patriotic Front – rebel group formed by Tutsis children. n RPF returns looking for revenge …. n 1990 Civil War *This increased ethnic tensions. n

Hutu Hate Propaganda n n n Tutsis were referred to as cockroaches. Radio broadcasts signaled Hutus when and where to attack. “Chop down the tall trees”

1994 n n n Hutu extremists shot down the Rwandan President’s plane. They blamed it on the Tutsis. This triggered the genocide.

100 Days of Genocide n Almost one million Tutsis and moderate Hutus killed.

Ironic…. . n Hutus and Tutsis have the same language and cultural beliefs yet they still found reasons to kill each other.

Why didn’t the rest of the world come to the rescue? President Clinton received daily reports, but took no action. n Political – Clinton was scared to get involved due to the recent disaster in Somalia. *Some think the failure to help in Rwanda impacted the decision for NATO to get involved in Kosovo to stop the ethnic cleansing in 1998. n