Ethics Theory and Business Practice 1 3 Rights

Ethics Theory and Business Practice 1. 3 Rights Theory – Part Three Property Rights

aims • to explain the importance placed on property rights in contemporary business contexts • to introduce contrasting perspectives on the relationship between property and labour

what is property?

the importance of property in business • property (assets) as an indicator of corporate prosperity • the importance accorded to owners (shareholders) of a business • capitalist business activity understood as voluntary exchanges of property rights matter

• where do property rights come from? • why are they given so much importance? • do they merit the significance accorded to them in business?

two perspectives: • John Locke • Karl Marx

John Locke’s justification of property rights how do we get from common ownership to private ownership?

self-ownership and the ownership of one’s labour: • I own myself • therefore I own my labour property as the outcome of the application of one’s own labour to common resources: • I apply my labour (which I own) to commonly owned things • I thus come to own those things • therefore I have a right to use them as I see fit furthermore…

this works to everyone’s benefit because • we make things more useful by working on them • and everyone benefits when we make things more useful

Locke’s rationale applied to business • businesses have ownership rights to the things they make because production is the outcome of their own labour • businesses make things more useful by working on them, therefore the recognition of those property rights works to everyone’s benefit

the beneficent consequences of respecting businesses property rights: www. youtube. com/watch? v=jnj. PFZV 8 Wqo on the other hand: www. youtube. com/watch? v=l. DMenq. KCXdw&lis t=PLFA 50 FBC 214 A 6 CE 87

Karl Marx’s critique of property rights Marx was critical of primacy given to rights in modern society: ‘none of the so-called rights of man goes beyond egoistic man, … namely an individual withdrawn behind his private interests and whims and separated from the community’ (2000/1843: 61). he was particularly critical of property rights: ‘the right of man to property is the right to enjoy his possessions and dispose of the same arbitrarily, without regard for other men, independently from society, the right of selfishness’ (2000/1843: 60).

how exploitation occurs in business • business creates surplus value by combining resources • labour makes the biggest contribution to the creation of surplus value • but most of this surplus value is kept by the owners of the business – who only give their workers enough to get by – which Marx sees as exploitation of workers by owners

exploitation in contemporary business? theory in practice a living wage for fast-food workers?

key points • a lot of importance is given to property rights in contemporary business • there are sound reasons for respecting property rights • however, if we accord too much importance to property rights we may overlook other important ethical considerations • in particular, we may overlook ways in which workers are exploited to serve the interests of business owners

references Marx, K. (2000/1843) ‘On the Jewish question’, in D. Mc. Lellan (ed. ), Karl Marx Selected Writings, (2 nd edn). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 46– 70.