Ethics and Responsibilities Plagiarism Source Turnitin Research Resources

Ethics and Responsibilities

Plagiarism Source: Turnitin Research Resources - http: //www. turnitin. com/research_site/e_home. html n Definition: According to the Merriam. Webster Online Dictionary, to "plagiarize" means n to steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one's own. to use (another's production) without crediting the source. to commit literary theft. to present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing source. n n n

All of the following are considered plagiarism: n n n Turning in someone else's work as your own: Changing the words of an original source is not sufficient to prevent plagiarism. If you have retained the essential idea of an original source, and have not cited it, then no matter how drastically you may have altered its context or presentation, you have still plagiarized. Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit failing to put a quotation in quotation marks. Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation. Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit. Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your work, whether you give credit or not (see our section on "fair use" rules).

What is citation? A "citation" is the way you tell your readers that certain material in your work came from another source. It also gives your readers the information necessary to find that source again, including: n n n Information about the author The title of the work The name and location of the company that published your copy of the source The date your copy was published The page numbers of the material you are borrowing

The following situations almost always require citation: n n n Whenever you use quotes Whenever you paraphrase Whenever you use an idea that someone else has already expressed Whenever you make specific reference to the work of another Whenever someone else's work has been critical in developing your own ideas.

Reasons to cite sources: n n n Citations are extremely helpful to anyone who wants to find out more about your ideas and where they came from. Not all sources are good or right -- your own ideas may often be more accurate or interesting than those of your sources. Proper citation will keep you from taking the rap for someone else's bad ideas. Citing sources shows the amount of research you've done. Citing sources strengthens your work by lending outside support to your ideas.

Citation examples: n n n Amrith, S. 2001. Democracy, Globalization and Health: The African Dilemma. Cambridge: King's College. Ashby, W. R. 1960. Design for a Brain: The Origin of Adaptive Behavior. New York: Wiley Atkinson, S. , Rolim Medeiros, R. , Lima Oliveira, P. , & Dias de Almeida, R. 2000. Going Down to the Local: Incorporating Social Organisation and Political Culture into Assessments of Decentralised Health Care. Social Science &Medicine, 51: 619 -636. Atkinson, S. 2002. Political Cultures, Health Systems and Health Policy. Social Science and Medicine, 55(1): 113 -124. Bach, J. & Stark, D. 2004. Link, Search, and Interact: The Coevolution of NGOs and Interactive Technology. Theory, Culture & Society, 21(3): 101 -117.

Evaluate your Internet sources n http: //lib. nmsu. edu/instruction/evalcrit. html

Ethics - Definitions Ethics--A set of values that describe what is right or wrong, good or bad. Ethics Definition adapted from UNESCO/IUBS/Eubios Bioethics Dictionary: A system of moral principles or standards governing conduct. 1. a system of principles by which human actions and proposals may be judged good or bad, right or wrong; 2. A set of rules or a standard governing the conduct of a particular class of human action or profession; 3. Any set of moral principles or values recognized by a particular religion, belief or philosophy; 4. The principles of right conduct of an individual. Ethical behavior requires the ability to reason, to understand the consequences and to make choices about one’s actions. [Latin ethicus or Greek ethikos pertaining to "ethos" or character]. Morality--A doctrine or system of ideas concerned with right (human) conduct.

Ethical Systems An ethical system should be generalizable. It should hold for a broad range of cases. Although generalizable, conflicts will always arise between ethical principles.

Institutional Ethics • Government -Bill of Rights; Declaration of Independence (We hold these truths to be self-evident. . . ) These are expressions of an institutional ethics. These are also expressions of cultural ethics. • Business -The ethics and moral code for a business may be different than that of the government or an individual. • Profession -A professional group purporting to represent a profession makes an ethical code. This may again differ from the ethics of an individual. • What is the hierarchy of these codes?

Ethical Guidelines for Professionals How are professional ethics different from personal ethics? • The professional is an expert in a field (e. g. , medicine or computing) that the general public may know little about. • Customers from the general public rely on the knowledge, expertise, and honesty of the professional. To the extent that a professional “advertises” expertise, he or she has an obligation to provide it. • To the extent that their expertise is required by society, professionals have a responsibility not only to their customers, but to the general public.

Information Ethics (Floridi, 1999) n Responsibility and Accountability ¡ ¡ ¡ n Virtual actions frequently leave no physical or perceptible effect. The virtual context separates the actor from the consequences of his or her actions due to anonymity and conceptual distance. Responsibility is diffused through the marginal or microscopic nature of virtual action. Compartmentalization of virtual actions restricts evaluation of their consequences. Lack of human interaction limits perception of immorality. The high rate of change within the virtual context of the infosphere renders impossible the forecasting of action consequences. The Digital Divide ¡ ¡ ¡ Computer literate and illiterate Information rich and poor Insiders and outsiders: access and use

The Challenge and Dilemma for the Ethical Individual

Cases §What kinds of ethical situations can a management professional face? §What is the role of personal ethics? §Are there general, universal ethical principles that can be formulated and applied to every case?

Cases • Copying an Employees Files You are a computer system manager. An employee is out sick and another employee requests that you copy all files from the sick person’s computer to his so he can do some work. • Insufficient Privacy Protection Your customer is a community clinic that works with problems of family violence. The clinic has 3 sites and does numerous at-home visits. The clinic director wants a networked computerized record system for the 3 sites that contains patient records. She also wants a few notebook computers with patient records that would be used when visiting clients at home. At the shelter, staffers use only first names, but the computers contain complete records. There is no mention of passwords or encryption, and the clinic does not have much money for the project.

Cases • Going Public You are a member of a team working on a computercontrolled crash-avoidance system for automobiles. You think the system has a flaw that could endanger people. The project manager does not seem concerned and expects to announce completion of the project soon. Are you ethically obligated to do something? • Release of Personal Information You work for the IRS, the Social Security Administration, a medical clinic, or a large credit bureau. Someone asks you to get a copy of a person’s file. He will pay you $500.

Cases • Conflict of Interest You have a small consulting business. Cyber. Stuff plans to acquire a new Web-hosting system, and it wants to hire you to evaluate bids from vendors. Your spouse works for Networkx and did most of the writing for their bid. You read the bid, and you think it is excellent. Do you tell Cyber. Stuff about your spouse’s connection with Networksx?

Managers communicate organizational values: n n n Through their reactions to problems and crises Through what they reward Through what they punish

The manager’s role in creating an ethical communications climate n Business ethics: Applying ethical principles to: ¡ ¡ ¡ n How an organization conducts its business How it treats its employees How it interacts with the surrounding community The implementation of an organization’s mission, goals and values into daily practice

Ethical communications requirements: § § § Be knowledgeable about ethical issues and understand organizational values Participate in the decision-making process regarding ethical issues Communicate decisions regarding ethical issues to employees Keep communications channels open for all employees to feedback information without fear of reprisals Ensure relevant information is passed on to those who can act on it

Discussion Questions n n n What are some of the organizational “costs” when managers do not handle prejudiced behavior effectively? What action do you think a manager should take when an organizational value conflicts with a personal value? How do you think the globalization of companies and their workforces will affect organizational ethics and values?