Ethical and Supervision Issues Dilemmas for Mental Health

Ethical and Supervision Issues: Dilemmas for Mental Health Counselors Loretta Bradley, Ph. D, LPC, NCC Paul Whitfield Horn Professor Texas Tech University Oklahoma Mental Health Counselors Association Oklahoma City, Oklahoma December 5, 2014

Ethical Issues: Dilemmas for Mental Health Counselors Loretta Bradley, Ph. D, LPC, NCC Paul Whitfield Horn Professor Texas Tech University Oklahoma Mental Health Counselors Association Oklahoma City, Oklahoma December 5, 2014

Ethics Defined • “Acceptable or good practice agreed upon rules or standards of practice by a profession, as in counseling” (Cottone & Tarvydas, 2007). • “Ethical codes were created to educate professionals about conduct and standards of practice as well as to protect and promote the welfare of those served by the professional (Makela, 2009). • “Ethical codes are to assist members to make sound ethical decisions to define ethical behaviors and best practices for association members (AMHCA, Code of Ethics, 2010).

Ethical Principles • There are 5 moral principles that serve as the foundation for codes of ethics. These principles are: – Autonomy – being independent and making one’s own decisions – Nonmaleficence – avoiding causing harm to others – Beneficence – having the client’s welfare in mind – Justice – acting in a fair or just manner – Fidelity – trusting relationship between counselor and client (Corey, & Callanan, 2011).

Ethical Codes • 2014 ACA Code of Ethics • ACA Division Codes (some examples) – AMHCA – ASGW – IAMFC – NCDA

Implementation of Competencies • Advocacy Competencies – http: //www. counseling. org/resources/competenc ies/advocacy_competencies. pdf • Multicultural Counseling Competencies – https: //www. counseling. org/docs/competencies/ multcultural_competencies. pdf? sfvrsn=5

Ethical Decision-Making • 9 Models identified (Cottone & Claus, 2000). • ACA Adopted – Forester-Miller & Davis Model

Professional Will • Case Study – Case of Jane & Clarence • Ethical Issue – Confidentiality – Postmortem Confidentiality – Informed Consent

Changes in 2014 ACA Code of Ethics • Preamble • Core Professional Values Highlighted – Enhancing Human Development Across the Lifespan – Honoring Diversity and Embracing a Multicultural Approach – Promoting Social Justice – Safeguarding the Integrity of Counselor/Client Relationship – Practicing in a Competent, Ethical manner

Changes in the 2014 ACA Code of Ethics vs. the 2005 Code • Section A – A. 1. e, A. 2. e, A. 5, A. 6, A. 10, A. 11, A. 12 • Section B – B. 6 • Section C – C. 7. a. c • Section H – A. 12. a

5 Common Ethical Concerns/Questions 1. Release of Client Information – A. 1. a, A. 2. a, A. 4. 2, B. 1. c, B. 1. d, B. 2. e 2. Mandated Reporting – The 2014 ACA Code of Ethics does not address mandated reported directly because each state has its own requirements for reporting (check your state regulations). Counselor should review. 3. Counselor/Client Relationship (Professional Boundaries) – A. 6

5 Common Ethical Concerns/Questions Continued 4. Social media/Distance Counseling/Technology – New section in 2014 ACA Code of Ethics, Section H 5. Personal Values – The 2014 ACA Code of Ethics asks that clients be considered first. • • A. 4. b is expanded and states there is a necessity for counselor to obtain training to be multiculturally competent. A. 11. a & A. 11. b suggests referrals must be based on competency (not values). The client is first!

References American Counseling Association. (2014) ACA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author. American Mental Health Counseling Association. (2010). AMHCA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author. Barnett, J. , & Johnson, W. B. (2014). Ethical desk reference for counselors (2 nd ed. ). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Bradley, L. , Hendricks, B. , & Kabell, D. (2012). The professional will: An ethical responsibility. The Family Journal, 20, 309 -314. Bradley, L. , Hendricks, B. , & Kabell, D. (2011). Postmortem confidentiality: An ethical issue. The Family Journal, 19, 417 -420. Bradley, L. , Hendricks, B. , & Kabell, D. (2009). Email and ethical issues. The Family Journal, 17, 268 -271. Brennan, C. (2013). Ensuring ethical practice: Guidelines for mental health counselors in private practice. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 35(3), 245 -261. Corey, G. , Corey, M. S. , & Callanan, P. (2015). Issues and ethics in the helping professions (9 th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Cengage/Brooks Cole. Cottone, R. R. , & Claus, R. E. (2000). Ethical decision-making models: A review of the literature. Journal of Counseling & Development, 78, 275 -283. Dailey, S. , Gill, C. , Karl, S. , & Minton, C. (2014). DSM-5 learning companion for counselors. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Dermer, S. B. , Smith, S. D. , & Barto, K. K. (2010). Identifying and correctly labeling sexual prejudice, discrimination, and oppression. Journal of Counseling & Development, 88, 325 -331.

References Garcia, J. , Cartwright, B. , Winston, S. , & Borzuchowska, B. (2003). A transcultural integrative model for ethical decision making in counseling. Journal of Counseling & Development, 81, 268 -272. Herlihy, B. & Corey, G. (2014). ACA standards casebook (7 th ed. ). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Herlihy, B. & Corey, G. (2014). Boundary issues in counseling: Multiple roles and responsibilities (3 rd ed. ). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Herlihy, B. , Hermann, M. , & Greden, L. (2014). Legal and ethical implications of using religious beliefs as the basis for refusing to counsel certain clients. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92, 148 -154. Kaplan, D. (2014). Ethical implications of a critical legal case for the counseling profession: Ward v. Wilbanks. Journal of Counseling & Development, 92, 142 -148. Kress, V. E. , Hoffman, R. M. , Adamson, N. , & Eriksen, K. (2013). Informed consent, confidentiality, and diagnosing: Ethical guidelines for counselor practice. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 35(1), 15 -28. Makela, J. P. (2009). A case study approach to career development: Exploring shades of gray. Broken Arrow, OK: National Career Development Association. O’toole, M. (2014). Harm to others: Assessment and treatment of dangerousness. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Remley, T. & Herlihy, B. (2013). Ethical, legal and professional issues in counseling (4 th ed. ). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education. Sue, D. W. (2010). Microaggressions in everyday life: Race, gender and orientation. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. Wheeler, N. , & Bertram, B. (2012). The counselor and the law: A guide to legal and ethical practice (6 th ed. ). Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

Supervision Issues: Dilemmas for Mental Health Counselors Loretta Bradley, Ph. D, LPC, NCC Paul Whitfield Horn Professor Texas Tech University Oklahoma Mental Health Counselors Association Oklahoma City, Oklahoma December 5, 2014

Supervision • Introduction • Supervision Definition • Supervision Theories/Models – Psychotherapeutic Model of Supervision – Behavioral Model of Supervision – Solution Focused Model of Supervision – Integrative Model of Supervision • Supervisor Roles

Supervisor Roles

Supervision • Codes of Ethics – – – AMHCA ASGW IAMFC NCDA • Competencies – Advocacy Competencies • http: //www. counseling. org/resources/competencies/advocacy_co mpetencies. pdf – Multicultural Competencies • http: //www. counseling. org/resources/competencies/advocacy_co mpetencies. pdf

Supervision • • Relationship Supervisor/Supervisee – Trust – Working Alliance Stages of Supervision Relationship – Early Stage – Middle Stage – Ending Stage Rubrics – -Rubrics – Feedback Realistic Expectations Critical Support – Critical Incident – Complexity Real-Life Cases Case Studies – Case 1 – Case 2 Documentation – Document

References American Counseling Association. (2014) ACA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author. American Mental Health Counseling Association. (2010). AMHCA Code of Ethics. Alexandria, VA: Author. Bernard, J. M. , & Goodyear, R. K. (2013). Fundamentals of clinical supervision (5 th ed. ). Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon. Borders, L. D. , & Leddick, G. R. (2006). The New Handbook of Counseling Supervision. Alexandria, VA: Association for Counselor Education and Supervision. Bradley, L. , Hendricks, B. , Whiting, P. , &Rhodes, K. (2010). Overview of counselor supervision. In N. Ladaney & L. Bradley, Counselor Supervision: Principles, process and practice (4 th ed. ) (pp. 3 -15). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & France. Corey, G. , Haynes, R. , Moulton, P. , & Muratori, M. (2014). Clinical supervision in the helping professions: A practical guide. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association. Costa, L. (1994). Reducing anxiety in live supervision. Counselor Education and Supervision, 34, 30 -40. Cottone, R. R. , & Claus, R. E. (2000). Ethical decision-making models: A review of the literature. Journal of Counseling and Development, 78, 275 -283. Form, R. (2014). Standardizing the pre-licensure supervision process. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22, 176 -190. Goldberg, R. , Dixon, A. , & Wolf, C. (2012). Facilitating effective triadic supervision: An adapted model for an underutilized supervision approach. The Clinical Supervisor, 31, 42 -60.

References Gray, N. , & Erikson, P. (2014). Standardizing the pre-licensure supervision process: A commentary on advocating for the direct observation of skills. The Professional Counselor, 3, 34 -39. Hendricks, B. , Bradley, L. J. , Southern, S. , Oliver, N. , & Birdsall, B. (2011). Ethical code for the international association of marriage and family counselors. Family Journal, 19, 217– 224. Ladeny, N. , & Bradley, L. (2010). Counselor supervision: Principles, process and practice (4 th edition). New York: Taylor and Francis. Nelson, M. (2000). An integrated approach for supervising mental health counseling. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 22, 45 -58. Pearson, Q. M. (2004). Getting the most out of clinical supervision: Strategies for mental health. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 26, 361 -373. Ray, D. C. , Jayne, K. M. , Miller, R. M. (2014). Master Counselors as teachers: Clinical practices of counselor educators. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 36(1), 78 -94. Smith, K. L. (2009). SA brief summary of supervision models. Gallaudet University. Whiting, P. , Parr, G. , & Bradley, L. (2010). School counseling supervision: A crossroads opportunity for vision. In N. Ladany & L. Bradley, Counselor Supervision: Principles, process and practice (4 th ed. ) (pp. 223 -261). Philadelphia, PA: Taylor & France. Wood, C. , & Rayle, A. D. (2011). A model of school counseling supervision: The goals, functions, roles and system models. Counselor Education and Supervision, 45, 253 -266.