Ethernet Passive Optical Network EPON Building a Next

Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON) : Building a Next- Generation Optical Access Network 1

Overview § § § Introduction What are Passive Optical Networks ? Deployment Scenario of Next-Generation Access Networks Types of PON technologies Different types of PON topologies What are EPONs ? How does an EPON work ? Issues related to EPONs Benefits of using EPONs IEEE P 803. 3 ah status The market for EPONs Conclusion 2

Introduction § Internet has spawned genuine demand for broadband services, leading to unprecedented growth in Internet Protocol (IP) data traffic § An improvement over 56 kb/s is unable to provide enough bandwidth for emerging services such as - the IP telephony, Video on Demand (Vo. D), interactive gaming, or two-way video conferencing 3

Per-user Bandwidth Requirements for New Services Increase A new technology is required which would be able to handle the bandwidth hungry services. 4

What is a Passive Optical Network (PON)? § § Passive Optical Network (PON) is a high bandwidth Point-to. Multipoint (P 2 MP) optical fiber network based on the Asynchronous Transfer Mode protocol (ATM), Ethernet or TDM Components used in Passive Optical Network PONs generally consist of - an OLT (Optical Line Termination) - which is connected to ONUs (Optical Network Units) - OLT and ONUs are explained in the later slides of the presentation 5

Properties of PONs § § PONs rely on light waves for data transfer Only passive optical components are used such as optical fiber, splices and splitters PONs minimizes the fiber deployment in both the local exchange office and the local loop PONs provides higher bandwidth due to deeper fiber penetration, offering gigabit per second solutions 6

Range of Operation of PONs aim to break the First Mile (once called as Last Mile) bandwidth bottleneck by targeting the sweet spot between T 1 s and OC-3 s that other access network technologies do not adequately address. PONs are capable of delivering high volumes of upstream and downstream bandwidth (up to 622 Mbps downstream and 155 Mbps upstream). 7

Deployment Scenario of Next-Generation Access Network § A logical way to deploy optical fiber in the local access network is using a point-to-point (P 2 P) topology, with dedicated fiber which runs from the local access network to each end-user subscriber 8

Deployment of Next-Generation Access Network contd. . § § Second method is to deploy a remote switch (concentrator) close to neighborhood since it reduces the fiber deployment The main downside of this curb switch architecture is - it requires electrical power as well as the backup power at the curb unit and currently - one of the highest cost for local exchange carriers is providing and maintaining electrical power in the local loop 9

Deployment of Next-Generation Access Network contd. . § § The third scenario, we can see that a PON actually minimizes the amount of optical transceivers, central office terminations, and the fiber deployment As stated earlier a PON is a point-to-multipoint (P 2 MP) optical network with no active elements in the signals path from the source to destination. PONs basically use passive optical components, such as optical fiber, splices, and splitters 10

Decrease in # of Fibers and Transceivers Used Point to point network - Number of Fiber Number of Transceivers - 32 - 64 Curb-switched network - Number of Fibers Number of Transceivers -1 - 66 Passive optical network - Number of Fiber -1 Number of Transceivers - 33 11

Types of PON Technologies PON Asynchronous transfer mode PONs (APONs) Ethernet PONs (EPONs) WDM PONs 12

Passive Optical Networks APONs § § § Data is transmitted in fixed length 53 -byte cells as specified by ATM protocol APONs don not deliver data, video and voice over a single platform APONs offer insufficient bandwidth APONs are expensive APONs do not provide broader service capabilities EPONs § § § Data is transmitted in variable-length packets of up to 1, 518 bytes according to IEEE 802. 3 protocol for Ethernet EPONs deliver data, video and voice over a single platform EPONs offer higher bandwidth EPONS are less expensive than APONs EPONs provide broader service capabilities 13

Components Used in PON Topologies • All transmission in a PON are performed between an optical line terminal (OLT) and optical network units (ONUs) What is an Optical Line Terminal (OLT) ? An OLT resides in the local exchange (central office), connecting the optical access network to the metro back-bone. What are Optical Network Units (ONUs) ? The ONU provides the interface between the customer’s data, video, and telephony networks and the PON. Its function is to receive traffic in an optical format and convert it into customer’s desired format (Ethernet, IP multicast, T 1, etc. ) 14

Typical PON Architecture APONs EPONs 15

Different Types of PON Topologies § § Tree topology Bus topology Ring topology Tree with redundant trunk 16

PON Topologies Figure 3 17

Why do we require EPONs? We require EPON technology since it has the following qualities: § it is inexpensive § simple, scalable and § capable of delivering bundled voice § it provides data and video services to an end-user subscriber over a single network 18

What are EPONs? § § Ethernet passive optical networks (EPON) are an emerging access network technology that provides a low-cost method of deploying optical access lines between a carrier office (CO) and customer site We can say that, Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPONs) represents the convergence of low-cost Ethernet equipment and low-cost fiber infrastructure, to be the best candidate for the Next -Generation access network 19

How does an EPON work ? § § In a EPON the process of transmitting data downstream from the OLT to multiple ONUs is fundamentally different from transmitting data upstream multiple ONUs to the OLT The different techniques used to accomplish the downstream and upstream transmission in a EPON are shown in next slide 20

Downstream Traffic in EPON 21

Downstream Traffic Flow in an EPON Consider the downstream traffic in EPON § § Data broadcasted downstream from OLT to multiple ONUs in variable-length packets of up to 1, 518 bytes, according to IEEE 802. 3 protocol Each packet carries a header that uniquely identifies it as data intended for ONU-1, ONU-2 or ONU-3 At the splitter the traffic is divided into three separate signals, each carrying all of the ONU specific packets When the data reaches the ONU, it accepts the packets that are intended for it and discards the packets that are intended for other ONUs - For example, ONU-1 receives packets 1, 2 and 3; however only two packets are delivered to end user 1 22

Downstream Frame Format in an EPON 23

Upstream Traffic in EPON 24

Upstream Traffic Flow in a EPON Consider the downstream traffic in EPON § § The upstream traffic is managed utilizing TDM technology Transmission time slots are dedicated to ONUs The time slots are synchronized so that upstream packets from the ONUs do not interfere with each other once the data is couple onto the common fiber For example, ONU-1 transmits packet 1 in the first time slot, ONU-2 transmits packet 2 in the second non-overlapping time slot, and ONU-3 transmits packet 3 in a third non-overlapping time slot. 25

Upstream Frame Format in an EPON 26

Transceiver Issues § There are number of issues which have surfaced by the use of transceivers (A transceiver is a device which is capable of transmitting and receiving signals) Due to the unequal distances between the central office and ONUs, optical signal attenuation in the PON is not the same for each ONU - i. e. the power level received at the OLT will be different for each ONU (this is also called as near-far problem) 27

Transceiver Issues Contd. § As shown in the Figure below, one ONUs signal strength is lower at the OLT, which is most likely due to the longer distance 28

Approaches to Solve the Attenuation Problem A couple of approaches are suggested, but they have their own drawbacks One of the approaches is: § § § To allow ONUs to adjust their transmitter power such that power levels received by the OLT from all the ONUs becomes the same. Drawback of this approach: This method is not favored by the transceiver designers because it makes the ONU hardware more complicated, requires special signaling protocol for feedback from the OLT and ONU and most importantly degrades the performance of the all the ONUs to that of the most distant unit. 29

Security Is Encryption mechanism necessary in Passive Optical Network ? § Encryption mechanism is necessary since a malicious ONU if placed in promiscuous mode would be able to read all the downstream packets. 30

On Which Layer of the OSI Model the Encryption Must be Placed? § If the encryption is placed in the MAC layer, then it will encrypt the MAC frame payload only, and leave the headers in plain text - This method prevents malicious ONUs from reading the payload, but they may still learn other ONUs MAC address § Implementing the encryption scheme on the physical layer would encode the entire bit stream, including the frame headers and CRC - no information is learned by a malicious ONU - But the difficulty is the physical layer is a connectionless layer. Requiring the Physical layer in a OLT to apply different keys for different ONUs will make it connection-aware § Encryption in EPON still remains an open question 31

Benefits of Ethernet PONs § § § Higher bandwidth: up to 1. 25 Gbps symmetric Ethernet bandwidth Lower Costs: lower up-front capital equipment and ongoing operational costs More revenue: broad range of flexible service offerings means higher revenues 32

Higher Bandwidth § § § More subscribers per PON More bandwidth per subscriber Higher split counts Video capabilities Better Qo. S 33

Lower Costs Cost reduction in the case of EPONs are achieved by simpler architecture, more efficient operations, and lower maintenance needs of an optical IP Ethernet network. § Eliminate complex and expensive ATM and SONET elements and dramatically simplify the network architecture § Long-lived passive optical components reduce outside plant maintenance § Standard Ethernet interfaces eliminate the need for additional DSL or cable modems § No electronics in outside plant reduces need for costly powering and right-of-way space 34

More Revenue opportunities from EPONs include: § § § EPONs support for legacy TDM, ATM and SONET services Delivery of new Gigabit Ethernet, fast Ethernet, IP multicast and dedicated wavelength services Provisioning of bandwidth in scalable 64 Kbps increments up to 1 Gbps Tailoring of services to customer needs with guaranteed SLAs (Service License Agreement) Quick response to customer needs with flexible provisioning and rapid service reconfiguration 35

IEEE P 802. 3 ah status § § The standards work for Ethernet in the local subscriber access network is being done in the IEEE P 802. 3 ah Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) Task Force. In order to evolve Ethernet for local subscriber networks, P 802. 3 ah is focused on four primary standards definitions: Ethernet over copper Ethernet over P 2 P fiber Ethernet over P 2 MP fiber Operation, administration, and maintenance (OAM) 36

IEEE 802. 3 ah has been approved. Materials concerning the P 802. 3 ah standards effort and the presentation materials can be found at: • http: //www. ieee 802. org/3/efm/index. html • http: //www. ieee 802. org/3/efm/public/index. html 37

The Market for EPONs § § § Analysts expect the optical access market to grow rapidly CIBC (Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce) forecasts the market for PON access system to reach $1 billion by 2004 from $23 million in 2000 P 2 P optical Ethernet offer the best possibility of a turnaround in the telecom sector 38

Conclusion § The future of broadband access network is likely to be a combination of point-to-point and point-to-multipoint Ethernet, optimized for transporting IP data, as well as time critical voice and video. 39

References § Topics in Lightwave: Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON): Building the Next-Generation Optical Access Network Glen Kramer and Gerry Pesavento, Alloptic, Inc. § http: //www. iec. org/online/tutorials/epon/ 40