Estuaries Payton Collins December 1 st 2011 The

Estuaries Payton Collins December 1 st, 2011

The Basics and Terminology An estuary is the area in which rivers meet the sea. One of the most productive ecosystems in the world. Estuaries are partially enclosed. Seawater mixes with freshwater, nutrients, and pollution from rivers, and streams and land runoff. Must be adaptable to daily and seasonal changes in tidal and river flows, and land runoff of eroded soil sediment and other pollutants. Salinity alone can increase or decrease 20% in a season.

More on Marshes Coastal wetlands are land areas covered with water all or part of the year. Found around estuaries Examples include river mouths, inlets, bays, sounds (narrow stretches of water forming an inlet or connecting two wider areas of water such as two seas or a sea and a lake), salt marshes (in temperate zones), and mangrove forests (the tropical zone equivalent of salt marshes).

Estuaries in the United States

U. S. Estuaries 88, 000+ miles of coastal wetlands 100+ estuaries Louisiana- home to 40% nation’s coastal wetlands Chesapeake Bay – nation’s largest estuary This estuary alone supports more than 3, 600 species of plants, fish and animals.

Biodiversity Typical animals in estuaries~ Shellfish (oysters, crabs, lobsters) Shore and sea birds Raccoons, skunks, opossums (attracted by plants and animals) Typical plants in estuaries~ Salt meadows Mangroves Cordgrass

Benefits from Estuaries provide ecological and economic services~ Filter toxic pollutants, excess plant nutrients, sediments, and other pollutants. Reduce storm damage; absorb waves and store excess water produced by storms and tsunamis. Provide food, habitats, and nursery sites for a variety of aquatic species.

Environmental Damage to Estuaries Global Climate Change Algal bloom, invasive species, estuary climate/water temperature changes Pollution from upland areas Dams block nutrient flow Extreme weather conditions Floods, hurricanes, storms

How Can We Help? Currently developed/developing solutions~ Enhancing the natural defenses provided by wetlands, barrier islands and reefs. Supporting the natural replenishment of sediments from rivers and beaches. Protecting inland buffers to enable habitats to migrate.

Citations Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP). (2010). Salt Marshes. Retrieved from http: //www. dep. state. fl. us/coastal/habitats/saltmarshes. ht m Miller, Jr. G. T. (2007). Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections, and Solutions (15 th ed. ). Belmont, CA: Thomson Higher Education. Southern California Coastal Water Research Project (SCCWRP). (2011). Project Group: Coastal Wetlands and Estuaries. Retrieved from http: //www. nwf. org/Global. Warming/Effects-on-Wildlife-and-Habitat/Estuaries-and. Coastal-Wetlands. aspx

Citations (2) Ayub, Zarrien (2010). Effect of Temperature and Rainfall as a Component of Climate Change on Fish and Shrimp Catch in Pakistan. The Journal of Transdisciplinary Environmental Studies, vol. 9, no. 1. Retrieved from http: //www. journaltes. dk/vol_9_no_1__page_15/no%204%20%20 Zarrinem%20 A yub%20(high). pdf U. S. Department of the Interior. (2007). The Role of Climate in Estuarine Variability. Retrieved from http: //sfbay. wr. usgs. gov/hydroclimate/climate_role/part 2. h tml C. , Tommy, and B. , Kyle (n. d. ). Estuary Home. Retrieved from http: //biomesfourth 09. wikispaces. com/Estuary+Home

Citations (3) National Wildlife Federation (n. d. ). Global Warming Impacts on Estuaries and Coastal Wetlands. Retrieved from http: //www. nwf. org/Global-Warming/Effects-on-Wildlifeand-Habitat/Estuaries-and-Coastal-Wetlands. aspx Estuaries. (n. d. ). The Encyclopedia of New Zealand (online). Retrieved from http: //www. teara. govt. nz/en/estuaries/3 New Hampshire Public Television. (2011). Estuaries. Retreived from http: //www. nhptv. org/natureworks/nwep 6 a. htm