Essentials of Understanding Psychology 9 th Edition By
Essentials of Understanding Psychology 9 th Edition By Robert Feldman Power. Points by Kimberly Foreman Revised for 9 th Ed by Cathleen Hunt Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011 1
Chapter 6: Memory 2 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
MODULE 18: The Foundations of Memory • What is memory? • Are there different kinds of memory? • What are the biological bases of memory? 3 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
MODULE 18: The Foundations of Memory • Process by which one encodes, stores, and retrieves information 4 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Three-System Memory Theory • Sensory Memory • Short-Term Memory • Long-Term Memory 5 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Sensory Memory • Iconic Memory – Reflects information from the visual system • Echoic Memory – Stores auditory information coming from the ears 6 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Short-Term Memory • Memory store in which information first has meaning – Chunk • Meaningful grouping of stimuli that can be stored as a unit in short-term memory • Example: PBSFOXCNNABCCBSMTVNBC 7 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Short-Term Memory • The prior example in chunks: PBS FOX CNN ABC CBS MTV NBC 8 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Short-Term Memory • Rehearsal – Elaborative rehearsal • Information is considered and organized in some fashion – Mnemonics • Organizational strategies • For example: “ROY G BIV” (Colors of the spectrum) 9 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Short-Term Memory • Working Memory – Set of temporary memory stores that actively manipulate and rehearse information • Central executive processor – Visual store – Verbal store – Episodic buffer 10 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Long-Term Memory • Distinguishing from short-term memory – Studies of people with certain types of brain damage – Serial position effect • Primacy effect • Recency effect 11 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Long-Term Memory • Long-Term Memory Modules – Declarative memory • Factual information – Semantic memory » General knowledge and facts – Episodic memory » Events – Procedural memory • Skills and habits 12 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Long-Term Memory • Semantic Networks – Mental representations of clusters of interconnected information • Spreading activation 13 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Long-Term Memory • The Neuroscience of Memory – Engram – Hippocampus – Amygdala 14 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Long-Term Memory • Memory at the Level of Neurons – Long-term potentiation • Shows that certain neural pathways become easily excited while a new response is being learned – Consolidation • Memories become fixed and stable in long-term memory 15 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
In Pursuit of a Memory Eraser • PKM-zeta – Inhibition of PKM-zeta stops a memory from being re-encoded in the brain after it was activated • Propranolol 16 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
MODULE 19: Recalling Long-Term Memories • What causes difficulties and failures in remembering? 17 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Retrieval Cues • Recall – Specific piece of information must be retrieved • Recognition – Occurs when one is presented with a stimulus and asked whether he has been exposed to it previously, or is asked to identify it from a list of alternatives 18 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Levels of Processing • Levels-of-Processing Theory – Suggests that the amount of information processing that occurs when material is initially encountered is central in determining how much of the information is ultimately remembered 19 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Explicit and Implicit Memory • Explicit Memory – Intentional or conscious recollection of information • Implicit Memory – Memories of which people are not consciously aware, but which can affect subsequent performance and behavior • Priming 20 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Flashbulb Memories • Memories related to a specific, important, or surprising event that are so vivid they represent a virtual snapshot of the event – Source amnesia – Example: • September 11 th, 2001 21 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past • Processes in which memories are influenced by the meaning one gives to events – Schemas • Organized bodies of information stored in memory that bias the way new information is interpreted, stored, and recalled 22 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past • Memory in the Courtroom: The Eyewitness on Trial – Mistaken identity – Specific wording of questions • Children witnesses 23 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past • Repressed and False Memories – Recollections of events that are initially so shocking that the mind responds by pushing them into the unconscious – Memories may be inaccurate or even wholly false – Controversy regarding their legitimacy 24 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Constructive Processes in Memory: Rebuilding the Past • Autobiographical Memory – Recollection of circumstances and episodes from our own lives – One tends to forget information about one’s past that is incompatible with the way in which he currently sees himself 25 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
MODULE 20: Forgetting: When Memory Fails • Why do we forget information? • What are the major memory impairments? 26 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Why We Forget • Failure of Encoding – Did not pay attention to material • Decay – Loss of information through nonuse • Memory traces 27 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Why We Forget • Interference – Information in memory disrupts the recall of other information • Cue-Dependent Forgetting – Occurs when there are insufficient retrieval cues to rekindle information that is in memory 28 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Proactive and Retroactive Interference • Proactive Interference – Information learned earlier disrupts the recall of newer material • Retroactive Interference – Difficulty in the recall of information because of later exposure to different material 29 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Memory Dysfunctions: Afflictions of Forgetting • Alzheimer’s Disease • Amnesia – Retrograde – Anterograde • Korsakoff’s Syndrome – Afflicts long-term alcoholics 30 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
Improving Memory • Effective strategies – – – The keyword technique Organization cues Take effective notes Practice and rehearse Do not believe claims about drugs that improve memory 31 Copyright Mc. Graw-Hill, Inc. 2011
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