Essential Questions What are the different types and

Essential Questions • What are the different types and textures of igneous rocks? • How do cooling rates affect the grain sizes in igneous rocks? • What are some of the uses of igneous rocks? Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Vocabulary Review New • • • fractional crystallization Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education intrusive rock extrusive rock basaltic rock granitic rock texture porphyritic texture vesicular texture pegmatite kimberlite Classification of Igneous Rocks

Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks • • When magma cools and crystallizes below Earth’s surface, intrusive rocks form. Magma that cools and crystallizes on Earth’s surface forms extrusive rocks. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks • Igneous rocks are classified by their mineral compositions. • Basaltic rocks, also called mafic rocks, are dark-colored, have lower silica contents, and contain mostly plagioclase and pyroxene. • Granitic rocks, also called felsic rocks, are light-colored, have high silica contents, and contain mostly quartz and feldspar. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks • Rocks that have a composition of minerals that is somewhere between basaltic and granitic are called intermediate rocks. • A fourth category, called ultrabasic, or ultramafic, contains rocks with only iron-rich minerals such as olivine and pyroxene and are always dark. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks • Rock type can be determined by estimating relative percentages of minerals in the rocks. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Texture • Texture refers to the size, shape, and distribution of the crystals or grains that make up a rock. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Texture Crystal size and cooling rates • When lava flows on Earth’s surface, it cools quickly and there is not enough time for large crystals to form. The resulting extrusive igneous rocks have crystals so small that they cannot be seen without magnification. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Texture Crystal size and cooling rates • When lava cools so quickly that crystals do not form, volcanic glass is the result. • When magma cools slowly below Earth’s surface, there is sufficient time for large crystals to form. Thus, intrusive rocks can have crystals larger than 1 cm. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Texture Porphyritic rocks • A porphyritic texture is characterized by large, well-formed crystals surrounded by finer-grained crystals of the same mineral or different minerals. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Texture Vesicular rocks • The spongy appearance that results from gas bubbles trapped in lava is called vesicular texture. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Thin Sections • Scientists use a special microscope, called a petrographic microscope, to help them identify minerals by examining the mineral grains in sections of rock thin enough for light to pass through. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Igneous Rocks as Resources Veins • Valuable ore deposits often occur within igneous intrusions. At other times, they may occur as veins in the rocks surrounding intrusions. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Igneous Rocks as Resources Pegmatites • Veins of extremely largegrained minerals that can contain ores are called pegmatites. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Igneous Rocks as Resources Kimberlites • Diamonds and other minerals that can form only under very high pressure are found in rare, ultrabasic rocks known as kimberlites. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Igneous Rocks as Resources Igneous rocks in construction • The interlocking grain textures and the resistance to weathering of many of the minerals present in igneous rocks make them especially useful as building materials. Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education Classification of Igneous Rocks

Review Essential Questions • What are the different types and textures of igneous rocks? • How do cooling rates affect the grain sizes in igneous rocks? • What are some of the uses of igneous rocks? Vocabulary • intrusive rock • extrusive rock • basaltic rock Copyright © Mc. Graw-Hill Education • granitic rock • texture • porphyritic texture • vesicular texture • pegmatite • kimberlite Classification of Igneous Rocks