Essential Question What were the causes effects of

■ Essential Question: –What were the causes & effects of the unifications of Italy & Germany? ■ Warm-Up Question: –?

One important effect of the Enlightenment, French Revolution, & conquests by Napoleon was the growth of nationalism in Europe Nationalism is the belief that people’s loyalty should be to the people in one’s country who share a common culture & history rather than a king or empire

From the end of the Congress of Vienna in 1815 to the outbreak of World War I in 1914, nationalism played a major role in European politics Nationalism inspired new demands for democracy (like France in 1848) Nationalism inspired calls for independence from weakening empires (like Greece from the Ottoman Empire in 1821)

Nationalism inspired people of similar cultures to unify & form new nations (like Italy & Germany in the 1870 s)

By the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Italy was a divided region: Other areas were controlled by France or Austria Other regions were controlled by the Catholic Church Parts of Italy were independent states

From 1830 to 1871, the growth of nationalism led the unification of Italy Unification was led by The king of Sardinia the Kingdom of Sardinia named Camillo di Cavour in northern Italy as prime minister who hoped to unify Italy under Sardinian control

Cavour provoked & won a war with the Austrian Empire that allowed Sardinia to unify northern Italy Meanwhile, a nationalist army led by Giuseppe Garibaldi unified all of southern Italy

In 1861, Garibaldi & Cavour agreed to unify the north & south under Sardinian rule By 1871, all of Italy was unified & a constitutional monarchy was created to rule the new nation

39 German states formed a loose grouping called the German Confederation Prussia used a powerful army & industry to lead the unification of Germany Austria dominated these German states but the empire was weakening By the time of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, Germany was a divided region:

Prussian Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck used tough power politics called realpolitik (any means necessary) to unify Germany under Prussian rule

To unify Germany, Bismarck led Prussia into a series of wars In the Seven Weeks War in 1866, Prussia fought Austria which helped unify northern Germany under Prussia’s control

In 1867, Bismarck provoked war with France called the Franco-Prussian War which helped convince Catholics in southern Germany to unify with Prussia

In 1871, Bismarck successfully unified Germany though “blood and iron” The King of Prussia became the Kaiser (emperor) of Germany A German Parliament was formed & was led by a chancellor

By 1871, all the major European nations were formed From 1815 to 1871, a major power shift had occurred In 1815, the Congress of Vienna created a balance of power among European nations By 1871, Britain & Germany were the most powerful nations militarily & economically