Essential Question Section 1 Presidential Powers Section 2

Essential Question Section 1: Presidential Powers Section 2: Roles of the President Section 3: Styles of Leadership Chapter Summary

What basic powers of the presidency directly affect the other two branches of government—the legislature and the judiciary?

Content Vocabulary • mandate • forum

Academic Vocabulary • enforce • annual • medium

Reading Strategy Create a graphic organizer like the one at the right to list some of the powers given to the president by the Constitution.

Which of these is the most influential informal source of presidential power? A. mandate from the people B. the president’s personal beliefs about the executive office C. immediate needs of the nation A. A B. B C. C

Constitutional Powers • The Founders had two reasons to give the national government a strong executive: – One of the main weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation was its lack of an independent executive to carry out the acts of Congress. – Many of the Founders distrusted direct participation by the people in decision making.

Constitutional Powers (cont. ) • Article II, Sections 2 and 3 define the president’s powers: – The president is commander in chief of the armed forces, responsible for national security. – The president appoints, and the Senate confirms, the heads of executive departments. Comparing Governments

Constitutional Powers (cont. ) – The president conducts foreign policy— making treaties (with the Senate’s approval) and appointing ambassadors. – The president appoints federal court judges, can pardon those convicted of federal crimes and can reduce a person’s jail sentence or fine. Comparing Governments

Constitutional Powers (cont. ) – The president ensures that the laws Congress passes are “faithfully executed. ” – The president delivers an annual State of the Union message to Congress, proposes legislation, and can call Congress into special session when necessary. Comparing Governments

Which of the following is NOT a reason the Founders cited for giving the national government a strong executive? A. Articles of Confederation lacked a strong executive B. Desire to return to a monarchy like England C. Distrust of direct participation by the people A. A B. B C. C

Informal Sources of Power • A number of presidents have expanded the powers of the executive because of their beliefs about the office. – Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France. – Theodore Roosevelt said that the president has the right and duty to “do anything that the needs of the Nation demanded, unless such action was forbidden by the Constitution or by the laws. ”

Informal Sources of Power (cont. ) • Some presidents expand their power based on the immediate needs of the nation: – During the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus and jailed opponents of the Union without trial or the legal authority to do so. – During the Great Depression Franklin D. Roosevelt expanded the role of the federal government in the economy.

Informal Sources of Power (cont. ) – Following the terrorist attacks of 2001, George W. Bush gained sweeping authority from Congress to fight terrorism. • A mandate—the expressed will of the people, often in an election—is one of the greatest sources of political power. • Major newspapers, magazines and the Internet provide a forum, or medium for discussion, for presidential messages.

The expressed will of the people in an election is known as a A. mandate. B. forum. C. medium. D. quorum. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Limits on Executive Power • Congress can limit the president’s authority. – Congress can pass legislation even after a president has vetoed it. – The Senate must confirm a president’s appointees. – The House of Representatives must approve the budget. – The House and the Senate can use the impeachment process to remove the president from office.

Limits on Executive Power (cont. ) • In Marbury v. Madison, the Supreme Court said that it had the right to the final interpretation of whether an act of the legislature or the president violates the Constitution. • The federal bureaucracy can obstruct presidents’ programs unintentionally by failing to provide needed information, by misinterpreting instructions, and by not completing a task properly.

Limits on Executive Power (cont. ) • Public opinion can also affect a president. Without favorable public opinion, no president can carry out a political program.

Marbury v. Madison gives the Court the right to the final interpretation of whether an act of the president A. is fair and just. B. is consistent with the will of the people. C. violates the Constitution. D. is cause for impeachment. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Content Vocabulary • executive order • patronage • impoundment • treaty • reprieve • executive agreement • pardon • amnesty

Academic Vocabulary • design • submit • inspect

Reading Strategy Create a table to identify the different roles and duties of the president.

Which role of the presidency is most important in the context of modern government? A. head of state B. chief executive C. commander in chief D. economic planner A. B. C. D. A B C D

Head of State • As head of state, the president represents the nation and performs many ceremonial roles. • The president is the nation’s chief diplomat. • As a living symbol of the nation, the president is not just a single individual, but the collective image of the United States.

In which role of the executive office does the president represent the nation and perform ceremonial roles? A. head of state B. chief executive C. commander in chief D. economic planner A. B. C. D. A B C D

Chief Executive • As the nation’s chief executive, the president sees that the laws of Congress are carried out. • Presidents have several tools to influence how laws are carried out: – executive orders, or rules that have the force of law, – the power to appoint people to important offices in the executive branch,

Chief Executive (cont. ) – the right to fire officials they have appointed, – impoundment of funds—refusing to allow a federal department or agency to spend money Congress has appropriated, and – the power to appoint officials to the judiciary.

Chief Executive (cont. ) • The president can also grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States. – A reprieve grants a postponement of legal punishment. – A pardon is a release from legal punishment.

Chief Executive (cont. ) • The president may grant amnesty— a group pardon to people for an offense against the government, often in a military situation.

A presidential rule that has the force of law is called A. a presidential ruling. B. an executive order. C. an executive law. D. a presidential veto. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Chief Legislator • Congress expects the executive branch to propose legislation it wishes to see enacted. • Usually the president describes a legislative program in the annual State of the Union message to Congress. • The president has a large staff to help write legislation. • An important presidential tool in lawmaking is the power to veto any bill the Congress sends for approval.

In the annual State of the Union message, the president lays out his legislative program by addressing A. the Supreme Court. B. his cabinet. C. Congress. D. the United Nations. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Economic Planner • The Employment Act of 1946 gave new duties to the president: – It directed the president to submit an annual economic report to Congress. – It created a Council of Economic Advisers to study the economy and help prepare a report for the president.

Economic Planner (cont. ) – It said that the federal government was responsible for promoting high employment, production, and purchasing power. • It is the president’s duty to prepare an annual budget.

The creation of the Council of Economic Advisers stems from A. Article I of the Constitution. B. Congress. C. the Employment Act of 1946. D. the Fifteenth Amendment. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Party Leader • The president’s party expects the chief executive to be a party leader. • Presidents are expected to appoint members of their party to government jobs. • Political patronage, or appointment to a political office, rewards the people who have helped get a president elected. • If a president appears to act in a partisan way the media and public may be critical.

The appointment to a political office as a means of rewarding the people who have helped get a president elected is called A. affirmative action. B. patronage. C. executive preference. D. impoundment. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Chief Diplomat • The president directs the foreign policy of the United States, making key decisions about the relations the United States has with other countries of the world. • A struggle continues between the president and Congress over who will exercise control of the country’s foreign policy. • The ability to take decisive action has added greatly to the power of the presidency in foreign affairs.

Chief Diplomat (cont. ) • As chief diplomat, the president has sole power to negotiate and sign treaties— formal agreements between the governments of two or more countries. • Two-thirds of the Senate must approve of all treaties before they can go into effect. • The president has the authority to make executive agreements —pacts between the president and the head of a foreign government.

Chief Diplomat (cont. ) • Executive agreements have the same legal status as treaties but do not require Senate consent. • The president decides whether the U. S. will recognize governments of other countries.

A pact made between the president and the head of a foreign government, without Senate consent, is called A. an executive agreement. B. a treaty. C. a reprieve. D. patronage. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Commander in Chief • The president shares with Congress the power to make war. • The president is responsible for the key military decisions that represent overall policy and strategy. • The president has the authority to order the use of nuclear weapons. • During war, Congress is likely to give the president special powers at home as well as abroad.

With whom does the president share the power to make war? A. the Supreme Court B. Congress C. the state legislature D. the armed forces A. B. C. D. A B C D

Content Vocabulary • de facto • covert • executive privilege

Academic Vocabulary • survey • tension • generate

Reading Strategy As you read, create a graphic organizer like the one below to list the reasons for presidential isolation.

Which leadership quality is most important for a good president? A. understanding the public B. ability to communicate C. openness to new ideas D. ability to compromise A. B. C. D. A B C D

Increased Responsibilities • The Founders originally intended for the Congress, not the president, to lead the nation. • Instead the powers and duties of the president have grown steadily over the years. • Public opinion surveys clearly show that Americans look to the president to keep the peace and to solve economic and social problems.

According to public opinion surveys, whom do Americans expect to keep the peace and to solve economic and social problems? A. Congress B. the president C. state governments D. the Supreme Court A. B. C. D. A B C D

Leadership Qualities and Skills • A president must know and understand the American people. • When a president has public support, presidential proposals and policies are better received by Congress than when the public holds a president in low regard. • Successful presidents must be able to communicate effectively and to present their ideas in a way that inspires public support.

Leadership Qualities and Skills (cont. ) • A successful president must know when the time is right to introduce a new policy, make a key decision, or to delay such actions. • Good leadership also requires the capacity to be flexible and open to new ideas. • A successful president must be able to recognize that sometimes they have to settle for legislation that provides only part of the programs they want.

Leadership Qualities and Skills (cont. ) • Successful presidents need political courage to go against public opinion to do what they think is best.

Good presidential leadership requires A. flexibility. B. the ability to communicate well. C. political courage. D. all of the above. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Presidential Isolation • As presidents have become more dependent on the White House staff, there is the danger that they will become isolated from solid information and sound advice. • Presidents can easily discourage staff members from disagreeing with them or giving unpleasant advice. • Top staffers have easy access to the president and can use their closeness to control others’ access.

Presidential Isolation (cont. ) • One of President Reagan’s staffers called Reagan’s chief of staff the de facto president, meaning that although he did not legally hold the office, he exercised the power as if he were president. • President Reagan’s isolation made it believable when he claimed he was unaware of the covert, or secret, activities of his National Security Council staff in the Iran. Contra affair.

Presidential Isolation (cont. ) • Keeping in direct touch with the public can be very difficult for a modern president. • The need for the cabinet members to protect the interests of their departments and the constituent groups they serve always influences the advice they give.

As presidents rely more on White House staff, there is an increased danger of presidential A. conflict. B. isolation. C. misunderstanding. D. distrust. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Executive Privilege • To keep their White House discussions confidential, modern presidents have sometimes used executive privilege— the right of the president and other highranking executive officers, with the president’s consent, to refuse to provide information to congress or a Court. • Presidents claim executive privilege is necessary to protect their communication with executive branch staff.

Executive Privilege (cont. ) • As more policy has been made in the Executive Office of the President, the constitutionality and limits of executive privilege have become controversial.

The right of the president and other highranking executive officers to refuse to provide information to congress or a Court is called A. executive espionage. B. executive order. C. executive privilege. D. executive agreement. A. B. C. D. A B C D

Presidential Powers • Formal powers are granted in Article II of the Constitution. • Informal sources of power include the president’s personal exercise of power, the immediate needs of the nation, and public mandates. • Powers can be limited by Congress, the federal courts, the bureaucracy, and by public opinion.

Roles of the President • Head of State—Performs ceremonial roles • Chief Executive—Sees that laws of Congress are carried out • Chief Legislator—Proposes legislation • Economic Planner—Prepares federal budget • Party Leader—Supports party members • Chief Diplomat—Directs foreign policy • Commander in Chief—Commands armed forces of the United States

Presidential Leadership Skills • Understanding of the public • Ability to communicate • Sense of timing • Openness to new ideas • Ability to compromise • Political courage

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