Essential Question Question What were the significant causes

■ Essential Question: Question – What were the significant causes & effects of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914? ■ Quick Connection Question: – Which change during the Gilded Age was a bigger reason for the rise of American imperialism by 1900: The closing of the Western frontier OR the expansion of northern industrialism? Explain

Reasons for U. S. Expansion ■ Prior to 1890, U. S. expansion was focused on settling the western frontier via Manifest Destiny ■ Expansion by 1890 s was different –New forms of communication led to a sense of internationalism –Looked to gain more naval bases & markets in major trade routes –New territories were viewed as colonies, not as future-states

Reasons for U. S. Expansion ■ Why the new focus? New markets –The end of the Western frontier led to fears about America’s future economic opportunities –American industrialism made the U. S. a major exporter –Businessmen feared nothing would be left when European nations finished imperializing

U. S. World Foreign Colonial Investments: Empires, 1869 -1908 1900

Reasons for U. S. Expansion ■ Why the new focus? Darwinism –Social Darwinism promoted white superiority –“White man’s burden” promoted the American & European “duty to civilize” the world through trade, democracy, & Christianity ■ By the 1890 s, the U. S. was ready for its first real foreign “policy” policy

American Social Darwinism Civilization Vice Ignorance Barbarism Superstition Oppression Which nations is England “hauling up the hill”? What about the U. S. ?

The U. S. promoted trade with. Power Europe but The US as a World Theavoided U. S. used the Monroe Doctrine in Latin diplomatic conflicts (neutrality) The coveted Hawaii & as an America but. U. S. viewed the Caribbean control of the sea lanes to China “American lake” & Latin America as a vast potential market for U. S. goods

The U. S. as a World Power: Alaska In 1867, Seward negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7. 2 million Secretary of State William Seward (under Lincoln & Johnson) hoped to annex Canada & Mexico for the USA

Sec U. S. of State (under The as William a World. Blaine Power: Latin America Garfield & Harrison) emphasized a “Good Neighbor Policy” & created bilateral treaties to secure U. S. trade U. S. businesses flooded Latin America with goods, bought raw materials, & undercut local Latin American businesses In the Gilded Age, U. S. companies like United Fruit became the largest land owners & employers in many central American nations

The U. S. as a World Power: Hawaii U. S. missionaries & prospectors 1 st arrived in Hawaii in the 1820 s; By the 1870 s, Hawaii was dominated by sugar & fruit plantation owners who called for U. S. annexation In “The 1891, Hawaiian U. S. planters pear led is now an overthrow fully ripe, of Queen and Liliuokalani this is the golden & Hawaii hour for became the a republic United in 1894 States under to pluck Sanford it. ” Dole —John Foster, Sec of State under Harrison

Do youwas see annexed any short-in&1898 long-term Hawaii under significance to annexing Hawaii? President Mc. Kinley

The U. S. Open Door Policy in 1900 The U. S. was eager to trade with The U. S. as a World Power: China suggested that no have aninto China; butnation Chinawould was divided exclusive. European sphere of spheres influence China ofin influence

But U. S. -Japanese were The U. S. as a World relations Power: Japan th rocky in the early 20 Century The U. S. navy led by Commodore Matthew Perrypower “opened” Japan to Japan gained in Asia after U. S. trade in 1854 &War ended 200 the Russo-Japanese in 1904 years of Japanese isolationism & gained control of Korea The U. S. & Japan signed a “Gentlemen’s Agreement” in 1907: U. S. rescinded segregation against Japanese living in CA & Japan limited emigration to the U. S. The Root-Takahira Agreement in 1908 agreed to protect Asian status quo, uphold the Open Door policy, & respect Chinese independence

The U. S. ’ The most Newinfluential Navy naval strategist (under President Cleveland) ■ In order to adequately prepare for theheavy-armor new U. S. ships role in foreign policy, 1 st big, 1 st submarines Alfred Mahan pushed for a “new 1 st smokeless-powder artillery navy” in the 1880 s: st torpedoes 1 st rapid-fire guns 1 –The initial focus was to create lightly-armored, fast ships –But by the 1890 s, the navy built new “offensive” battleships –The navy improved from 12 th the world in 1889 to 3 rd in 1900

■ Essential Question: Question –What were the significant motivations for & results of America’s “new” foreign policy from 1890 to 1914?

The Spanish-American War

Causes of the Spanish-American War ■ U. S. presidents from Jefferson to Mc. Kinley saw the benefits for the U. S. of gaining Cuba ■ The Spanish. American War to assist Cuba’s independence was the most popular war since the American Revolution

Causes of the Spanish-American War ■ By the 1860 s, the only remaining pieces of the Spanish Empire were Cuba, Puerto Rico, & Philippines –José Martí led Cubans in revolt against Spain in 1895 –Spanish General Weyler used a reconcentration policy (torture & destruction of the Cuban food supply) to try to end the Cuban independence movement

General of Weyler’s Evidence Spanish. Reconcentration Mistreatment of. Policy Cubans

American Involvement ■ Presidents Cleveland & Mc. Kinley both remained neutral regarding Cuban independence until: –Newspapers used sensationalist “yellow journalism” journalism which boosted U. S. sympathy for Cuba –In 1898, the USS Maine, sent to protect U. S. interests in Cuba, exploded in Havana harbor

Pulitzer’s The World & Hearst’s New York Journal

The Spanish-American War ■ In April 1898, Congress declared war on Spain, but added the “Populists, & Republicans Teller. Democrats, Amendment to the warare we. But we are all Americans to make Cuba free. ” declaration stated that the U. S. had no plans to annex Cuba ■ The war led to patriotic outburst: –Ex-Confederates served & symbolically united North & South –Women & African-Americans volunteered in mass numbers

Spanish-American War was fought in 2 theaters: Cuba & the Philippines Even the elite joined: Teddy Roosevelt led the Rough Riders in Cuba “What a splendid little war. ” —John Hay, Secretary of State under President Mc. Kinley The war lasted only 113 days & resulted in 5, 500 deaths (mostly from disease, only 379 died in battle)

Results of Spanish-American War ■ U. S. & Spain signed the Treaty of Paris on Dec 10, 1898: –Cuba gained independence –U. S. gained Puerto Rico & Guam –What to do with the Philippines? The U. S. did not want it, but Germany did, so the U. S. annexed the Philippines

War. U. S. in did thenot Philippines The deem Filipinos “ready” for self-rule ■ Filipinos welcomed war with Spain & aided the U. S. in the Pacific, but they grew angry when the U. S. refused to grant independence ■ Emilio Aguinaldo led a guerillastyle rebellion that lasted 3 years: –Cost 4, 300 U. S. lives & between 50, 000 & 200, 000 native lives –The U. S. resorted to Weyler-style brutality: torture, starvation, rape

War in the Philippines ■ Mc. Kinley appointed William Taft to the Philippine Commission: Commission –Built schools, roads, & bridges –Improved taxes & sanitation –Created local governments that honored Filipino culture –Aguinaldo was captured & urged an end to the fighting ■ The Philippines was granted independence on July 4, 1946

The “American Empire” in 1900 The Platt Amendment created a new Cuban How should the new lands in the constitution but forced Cuba to give upnew land for “empire” governed? Voting? U. S. navalbe bases, pay off. Citizenship? U. S. war debts, Cuba could not sign a foreign treaty that hurt the U. S. , Hawaii, Alaska, & Puerto Rico were & the U. S. could intervene in Cuba at any time made territories with appointed governors & granted U. S. citizenship The navy controlled Guam & Samoa

Examine this political cartoon Our Sphere of Influence

What are the major differences between Manifest Destiny and U. S. imperialism? What are the major similarities between Manifest Destiny and U. S. imperialism?

Conclusions: Conclusions The USA as a New World Power

Impact of Spanish-American War ■ Just as the Depression of 1893 led to a shift in domestic policy, the Spanish-American War led to shift in U. S. foreign policy: –The U. S. gained overseas territories & was recognized as a legitimate “world power” –Increased the power of the American president

Class Discussion: How did U. S. territorial expansion change from 1800 to 1900?