Essential Question Question What were the major provisions

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■ Essential Question: Question –What were the major provisions of Wilson’s 14 Points &

■ Essential Question: Question –What were the major provisions of Wilson’s 14 Points & the Treaty of Versailles?

Wilson’s Fourteen Points ■ Wilson believed presented antoopportunity A faith. WW 1 in government

Wilson’s Fourteen Points ■ Wilson believed presented antoopportunity A faith. WW 1 in government for thesolve USA tointernational take the lead towards world problems peace: – Wilson saw moral diplomacy as the antidote to imperialism & military aggression – A peace settlement would end future wars by taking away cause for war righteous crusade – Wilson’s plan for peace was the Fourteen Points based on progressive liberalism & improved international relations

The Treaty. Hungary of Versailles Austria Yugoslavia ■ Wilson’s Fourteen Points contained 3 main

The Treaty. Hungary of Versailles Austria Yugoslavia ■ Wilson’s Fourteen Points contained 3 main Poland Czechoslovakia Turkey themes: – Colonialism readjustment: To create new nations out of weakened empires based on “national self-determination” – To create new internat’l rules: freedom of the Germany seas, nodemoralized more secretby treaties, reduce possibility of endless removal of economic militarism/disarmament, American barriers troops, not their military performance. – To create a League of Nations to solve future problems—arbitrate future disputes without war under principle of collective security ■ Germany signed armistice under assumption that the 14 Points would be the Allied peace terms

Let’s Look at Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Let’s Look at Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Paris Peace Conference ■ Twenty seven nations in Paris ■ Dominated by four main

Paris Peace Conference ■ Twenty seven nations in Paris ■ Dominated by four main players: – Wilson, USA – David Lloyd George, England – Georges Clemenceau, France – Vittorio Orlando, Italy ■ Russia was excluded and avoided since they were Communists ■ Germany was excluded and complied in hopes of gaining peace based on 14 Points.

Wilson ■ At end of war, Wilson at the height of his popularity. ■

Wilson ■ At end of war, Wilson at the height of his popularity. ■ Begins to make mistakes… – Politics had been adjourned during war, but Wilson appealed to voters for Democratic congressional victory in 1918. However, Republicans had narrow majority. Wilson did not have a majority at home when he traveled to Paris. – No Republican included in peace delegation, including Henry Cabot Lodge. angered Republicans

Wilson made a mistake by not including Wilson’s Fourteen Points any key Republicans in

Wilson made a mistake by not including Wilson’s Fourteen Points any key Republicans in his Paris delegation ■ Wilson traveled to the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 to help create the Treaty of Versailles: –He hoped his Fourteen Points would become the framework His goal!!! treaty for main the peace –But, Wilson had to compromise some of his 14 Points if he wanted a League of Nations

Wilson’s Goals & Conflicts ■ Goals: – To prevent victors from taking possession of

Wilson’s Goals & Conflicts ■ Goals: – To prevent victors from taking possession of conquered territory and desired territory to be received as trustees of League of Nation – League of Nations: assembly with seats for all nations and a council controlled by great powers ■ Conflict: British and French want Germany to pay!!! (Italy wanted money. ) ■ Compromise: Wilson reluctantly agreed to punishment if the League of Nations was included

Let’s Examine the Major Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles

Let’s Examine the Major Provisions of the Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles, 1919 ■ Germany had to accept the “war guilt clause”

The Treaty of Versailles, 1919 ■ Germany had to accept the “war guilt clause” & pay $33 billion in reparations – No way to generate that wealth without competing with Allies Wilson originally hoped for a ■ Poland given parts of old Prussia without ■ Germans“peace gave back Alsacevictory” Lorraine ■ Demilitarized zone (DMZ) in Rhineland ■ German navy was supposed to be given to Allies ■ Army reduced 100, 000 soldiers ■ The treaty did not mention free trade or freedom of seas ■ Despite calls for open covenants, the treaty was drafted in secret

Europebefore after the war New countries! Divided empires! New countries! Post-war changes in the

Europebefore after the war New countries! Divided empires! New countries! Post-war changes in the Russia turns Middle East will have. Communist (USSR) consequences on U. S. history

■ Essential Question: Question –Why did the USA refuse to ratify the Treaty of

■ Essential Question: Question –Why did the USA refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles or join the League of Nations? ■ Warm-Up Question: –To what extent was the Treaty of Versailles a reflection of Wilson’s Fourteen Points?

A Peace of Paris ■ But, the “Big Four” agreed to “Big Article 10

A Peace of Paris ■ But, the “Big Four” agreed to “Big Article 10 Executive Council consisted of the The Members of League undertake Four, ” Japan, & the 4 other elected nations Wilson’s League of Nations: Nations to respect & preserve as against –Created a Generalthe. Assembly external aggression territorial of existing political 27 integrity nationsand & Executive Council independence of all Members of the –A Court of International Justice League. In case of any such aggression in case of any threat or danger of –or Arbitration & economic sanctions such aggression the Council shall would be used to settle conflicts advise upon the means by which this against nations resort to war obligation shallthat be fulfilled. –Article X asked nations to protect each other’s independence

The Treaty of Paris, 1919 ■ On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Paris, 1919 ■ On June 28, 1919, the Treaty of Versailles was signed by Germany & officially ended WWI But, Wilson could not sign the treaty & formally ended America’s involvement in WWI; According to Article I of the Constitution, the U. S. Senate has the power to ratify all treaties. Unfortunately for Wilson, many Senators did not like the treaty because of the League of Nations

Read “U. S. Rejection of the Treaty of Versailles” ■ Examine the many objections

Read “U. S. Rejection of the Treaty of Versailles” ■ Examine the many objections to the League of Nations ■ What should Wilson have done to assure acceptance of the by the Senate of the Treaty of Versailles & League of Nations?

A Peace at Paris ■ All the major European powers signed the treaty &

A Peace at Paris ■ All the major European powers signed the treaty & joined the League, but not the U. S. ■ Polls showed U. S. support for the treaty, ■ Resistance: – Senate wanted to amend the League’s covenant to keep the U. S. from being morally bound to fight in future foreign wars – Hun Haters felt it wasn’t harsh enough – Liberals thought it too harsh – Hyphenated Americans thought it wasn’t far to home country – Irish Americans felt it gave British too much power

Rejection in the Senate ■ 2/3 of the Senate was needed for the U.

Rejection in the Senate ■ 2/3 of the Senate was needed for the U. S. to approve the treaty: – The “mild reservationists” reservationists wanted changes to slightly weaken the League – The “strong reservationists” reservationists led by Henry Cabot Lodge wanted major changes to Article X – The “irreconcilables” irreconcilables refused to allow the U. S. to join the League • William Borah of Idaho & Hiram Johnson of California ■ Because of these issues, European nations had stronger bargaining chips.

In order to amend treaty and Americanize Rejection in the Senate it, Lodge read

In order to amend treaty and Americanize Rejection in the Senate it, Lodge read the entire 264 pages ■ Wilson refused to compromise & weaken the outloud to the Senate Foreign Relations League of Committee. Nations ■ Senate majority leader Lodge led the attack on the treaty & League: For–the rest of his presidency, Edith Instead of compromising, Wilson tried to Wilson served as de facto president pressure the Senate with a cross-country speaking tour – The tour was popular but ineffective in pressuring Lodge – During the tour in Pueblo, CO, Wilson had a stroke & remained bedridden

■ Lodge created 14 “reservations” to the Treaty, all which sought to safeguard American

■ Lodge created 14 “reservations” to the Treaty, all which sought to safeguard American sovereignty, reserving rights of U. S. under Monroe Doctrine & Constitution ■ Again, Article X was the main issue. ■ Defeated in Senate on November 19, 1919 by a vote of 55 to 39. ■ Public outraged put for vote again in March 1920. FAILED. – Partly due to Wilson telling Democrats not to vote for it because he did not like Lodge

Rejection in the Senate ■ Wilson’s failure to compromise led the “irreconcilables” & “strong

Rejection in the Senate ■ Wilson’s failure to compromise led the “irreconcilables” & “strong reservations” to defeat the treaty ■ The United States never signed “Compromise? Letof Lodge compromise… Better the Treaty Versailles nor joined a thousand times to go down fighting than to dip League of Nationscompromise. ” yourthe colors to a dishonorable —Woodrow Wilson ■ In 1920, the Republican Warren Harding won in a landslide signaling a “return to normalcy”

Members of the League of Nations U. S. signed its own peace treaty with

Members of the League of Nations U. S. signed its own peace treaty with Germany in 1921

Conclusions: Postwar Disillusionment

Conclusions: Postwar Disillusionment

Postwar Disillusionment (U. S. ) A promise “not of heroics but healing; ■ The

Postwar Disillusionment (U. S. ) A promise “not of heroics but healing; ■ The the Great War: notimpact nostrumsofbut normalcy; not revolutions but restoration” –The U. S. played a key role the international peace process –Americans welcomed President Harding’s return to “normalcy” –Harding victory was a death sentence for the League

Economic Collapse ■ Europe’s economy was shattered from damage of war ■ War reparations

Economic Collapse ■ Europe’s economy was shattered from damage of war ■ War reparations kept Germany from recovering ■ Countries outside Europe were forced to industrialize to provide for themselves—U. S. economy skyrocketed ■ Government’s regulated economies led to widespread acceptance of socialism and disapproval of democracy throughout world

Political Turmoil U. S. felt retreated into isolationism ■The Colonies betrayed by the mandate

Political Turmoil U. S. felt retreated into isolationism ■The Colonies betrayed by the mandate system after WWI in order to avoid another ■ Ottoman, Austrian, and Russian empires were war. The irony: this action led the U. S. dismantled, but the failure to apply selfinto WW 2. determination outside Europe set stage for future conflict ■ Economic and political crisis encouraged people to look towards radical regimes and leaders for answers ■ Failure of U. S. to sign Security Treaty with France led to French military build up post-war due to their lack of ally. This would trigger German militarization.

Pessimism The war. Cultural killed “something precious and perhaps irretrievable in the ■ Inhearts

Pessimism The war. Cultural killed “something precious and perhaps irretrievable in the ■ Inhearts literature art, many viewing the of and thinking menbegan and women” West as being in a state of decline rather than This sentiment was. Generation”) driven by a group progress (i. e. the “Lost of authors in France & America calling – To the next generation, the war seemed futile themselves the “Lost Generation” & wasteful ■ Atheism became accepted on an unprecedented scale

Unfulfilled Goals ■ German people are bitter about the demands of the treaty ■

Unfulfilled Goals ■ German people are bitter about the demands of the treaty ■ German army claims the civilian government stabbed them in the back ■ Germany, Russia, Italy and Japan were dissatisfied since their claims overlapped (especially in the Balkans, Czechoslovakia, and Poland) ■ Colonies felt angry and betrayed by false promises of Europe