Essential Question Question What factors led to the

Essential Question: Question What factors led to the outbreak of the Civil War?

Secession & the Outbreak of the Civil War

Secession in the South • Lincoln’s election led to secession by 7 states in the Deep South but that did not necessarily mean “civil war” • Two things had to happen first: • One last failed attempt to reconcile the North & South • The North had to use its military to protect the Union

Secession in the South • The Upper South did not view Lincoln’s election as a death sentence & did not secede immediately • SC seceded on Dec 20, 1860 • The entire Deep South seceded by Feb 1861 • Some Northerners thought the U. S. would be better off if the South was allowed to peacefully secede • “Lame duck” Buchanan took no action to stop the South from seceding

The Decision to Secede

What is the “United States”? • The Southern decision to secede was based on old arguments: • The USA was a “compact between states, ” not a national gov’t “above the states” • Therefore, states could leave the Union freely & peacefully • States’ rights must be protected as a guarantee of liberty Southerners had threatened secession during a Congressional debate over slavery in 1790, the Missouri Crisis of 1820, the Nullification Crisis of 1832, & the crisis over California in 1850

Secession & the Formation of the Confederate States of America On Feb 4, 1861, the Confederate States of America were formed Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis was elected CSA president The CSA constitution resembled the U. S. , but with 4 key changes: (1) it protected states’ rights, (2) guaranteed slavery, (3) referenced God, & (4) prohibited protective tariffs

The Deep South Secedes • Moderate Republicans proposed the Crittenden Compromise to lure the South back into the Union: • Constitutional amendment that would guarantee the right to hold slaves in all territories south of the Missouri Compromise line • Both Lincoln & Davis rejected the compromise leaving the North with 2 choices… Allow for peaceful separation…OR… fight to preserve the Union

Fort Sumter • Fort Sumter cut off from supplies and vital reinforcements because located in Charleston Harbor • Lincoln announced that he was sending supplies and provisions

Fort Sumter, South Carolina April 12, 1861, 1 st shots fired of the Civil War

Effects of Fort Sumter The attack rallied & unified the North for war Lincoln expands executive power Many pro-slavery border states (Arkansas, TN, NC, & VA) viewed Fort Sumter as an act of aggression by the North & joined the CSA

Adjusting to Total War

Northern Advantages • At the outbreak of the Civil War, the North had lots of advantages: • Larger population for troops • Greater industrial capacity • Huge edge in RR transportation • Problem for the North: • Had to invade the South to win • Difficult to maintain enthusiasm & support for war over time

Resources of the Union and the Confederacy, 1861

Southern Advantages • Although outnumbered & less industrial, South had advantages: • President Davis knew that they did not have to “win” the war; the South only had to drag out the fight & make the North quit • Had the best military leaders • England & France appeared more willing to support the South

Winfield Scott’s Anaconda Plan Take control of the Take the CSA capital at Richmond Mississippi River Ulysses Grant in the West Divide the West from South George Mc. Clellan was in charge of Army of the Potomac Blockade the Southern coast

Political Leadership During the Civil War • Lincoln expanded his powers: • declared martial law • imprisoned “subversives” • briefly closed down a few newspapers • Davis was less effective: • concerned mainly with military duties • neglected the economy • obstructed by state governors who resisted conscription

The Diplomatic Struggle • From 1861 to 1862, the South used “cotton diplomacy” to get England & France to aid them: • Napoleon III favored the South but wanted England to do so 1 st • England offered “belligerent” status to the CSA; but otherwise chose a hands-off policy • By 1863, “King Cotton” diplomacy failed because Egyptian & Indian cotton filled the European demand

Fighting the Civil War

From 1861 -1863, the South consistently beat the North due to poor Union leadership & the Southern defensive strategy The Civil The U. S. & CSA forces fought to a draw at Antietam in Sept 1862—the War single bloodiest day of the Civil War 1 st battle was Bull Run (Manassas, VA) on July 21, 1861; “On to Richmond” campaign was repulsed by “Stonewall” Jackson

Fighting “Total War” • The Civil War was the world’s 1 st “total war” in which the entire economy was devoted to winning: • North & South drafted soldiers • North & South employed female workers to meet supply demands • New weapons, old tactics, & sheer numbers of troops in battle led to massive casualties • Repeating rifles and Gatling gun • Shrapnel, booby traps, and land mines • Cone shaped bullets and grooved barrel rifles

Women and the War • Women’s most prominent role were as nurses on the battlefield: distributing medical supplies, organizing hospitals, & offering comfort to wounded or dying soldiers • Women took gov’t jobs as bookkeepers, clerks & secretaries; A number of women also served as spies (Rose Greenhow, CSA)

Battle of the Ironclads (1862): CSS Virginia vs. USS Monitor Confederate ironclad CSS Virginia was built using the remains of the USS Merrimack USS Monitor was a revolutionary design: rotating turret & low profile

Casualties of the Civil War

• Essential Question: Question • What factors helped the North turn the tide of the Civil War in 1863 that inevitably led to a Union victory in 1865?

Mobilizing the Home Fronts • Both the North & South faced problems supporting the war: • Both sides began running out of troops; in 1862, the North & South began conscription (draft) • Funding the war was difficult; both sides printed paper money (greenbacks) to accommodate spending needs; led to runaway inflation (9, 000% in the South)

The Coming of Emancipation • At the beginning of the war, the North was fighting to preserve the Union, Union not to abolish slavery • By mid-1862, many Northerners called for immediate emancipation • Congress refused a gradual plan • Southern victories pressured the North to “strike back”

"My paramount object in this struggle is to save the Union, and is not either to save or to destroy slavery. If I could save the Union without freeing any slave I would do it, and if I could save it by freeing all the slaves I would do it; and if I could save it by freeing some and leaving others alone I would also do that. " —Abraham Lincoln, 1862

The Emancipation Proclamation • Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863: • Lincoln freed all slaves in Confederate territories • This did not free a single slave but it gave the North a new reason fight the Civil War • Inspired slaves to flee North • Pushed for the 13 th Amendment Passed after the Civil War ended on Jan 31, 1865

Emancipation in 1863 The border states could keep their slaves (until 13 th amendment passed in 1865)

The Tide Turns in 1863 • By early 1863, the North & South both faced morale problems: • South—economic & diplomatic collapse, South runaway slaves, & many yeomen refused to fight • North—consistent losses against Lee, draft North riots in NYC, anti-war “Copperheads” played on war failures & racial anxieties

Fight to the Finish • But by 1863, the war began to turn in favor of the North: • Northern supremacy in industry & manpower began to take its toll on the exhausted South • The North began enlisting blacks into the Union army; 200, 000 fought as soldiers & many others served as labor in the Northern war effort

In July 1863, General Grant took Vicksburg and gained control of the Mississippi River Due to Grant’s success in west, Lincoln made Grant supreme commander of the Union army in 1864 devised a strategy to invade the South on all fronts Began a siege on Richmond Lee led an attack into the North but lost at Gettysburg, 1 st real victory in the east for Union

• William Sherman began his “March to the sea”- Atlanta to Savannah • Destroyed everything in his path

—that we here highly Now we are engaged in a Gettysburg. The Address world will little great civil war, testing resolve that these dead But, in a larger sense, note or long remember whether that nation, or any It is rather for us to be Four score and seven shall not have died in we can not here, dedicate, what we say butsoit nation so conceived and here dedicated to the years ago our vain—that this nation, we not consecrate, dedicated, canforget long endure. cancan never what great task remaining forefathers brought under God, shall have a We are met on a great battlewe can not hallow this they did here. It is for before us—that fieldbirth of that war. Wefrom have forth on this continent, new of freedom— ground. For the brave us the living, rather, to come to dedicate a portion of these honored dead we a new nation, and that government of men, living and dead, be dedicated hereresting to the that field, as a final take increased devotion conceived in Liberty, the people, by the who struggled here, place for those who here unfinished work which to that cause for which and dedicated to the people, and for the gave their lives that have it far they consecrated who fought here they gave the last full nation might live. Itall is proposition that people, shall not perish abovethus our far poor power have so nobly altogether fitting and proper measure of devotion— men are created equal. from the earth. to add or detract. advanced. that we should do this.

Election of 1864 • Meanwhile, Lincoln faced a tough re-election in 1864 against General George Mc. Clellan: • War failures were a key issue • Radical Republicans considered dropping Lincoln from the ticket • But, when Atlanta fell during Sherman’s “March to the Sea, ” Lincoln regained support and was overwhelmingly reelected

In his 2 nd inaugural address, Lincoln promised a Reconstruction Plan for the Union with “malice towards none & charity for all”

Union Gains in the Civil War by 1865 In April 1865, Grant faced off with Lee outside Richmond; Lee was cut off from the South

On April 9, 1865, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse, ending the fighting of Civil War

The Death of Lincoln • Northern celebration was short lived; On April 14, 1865, Lincoln was shot by pro-Southerner John Wilkes Booth

Effects of the War

Effects of the War • Social changes: changes • 618, 000 troops were dead • Women in both the North & South were forced to take on more non-domestic roles • 13 th Amendment ended slavery • Nativism decreased as many immigrants fought in Civil War

Effects of the War • Political changes: changes • The Civil War established that the national gov’t is supreme over the states • With no Southern opposition, Republicans passed new laws: Homestead Act (1862), Morrill Act (1862), a protective tariff, land grants to RR companies, & a national banking system Ended the Southern argument over nullification & states’ rights

Conclusions • The turning point of the war: 1863 • The Civil War began as a conflict “to preserve the Union, ” but by 1863 it became a war for human liberty (Emancipation Proclamation was issued) • The South dominated the early campaigns of the war due, but by 1863 (Gettysburg) the weight of Northern industry & population wore down the South

Class Discussion • Was the decision by Southern states to secede the best choice? • What was the problem? • In teams, brainstorm possible alternatives to secession the South could have taken in 1861 • Would a legal argument in the Supreme Court (that the states agreed to join the Union & could leave at any time) have been more effective than its military tactic?