Essential Question Question How successful was Franklin Roosevelts

■ Essential Question: Question –How successful was Franklin Roosevelt’s New Deal? ■ Warm-Up Question: –How did Hoover & Roosevelt differ in their responses to the Great Depression? –Which demographic group do you think benefited the most from New Deal programs? Why?

The End of the New Deal

The 1936 election saw the birth of a new End of the Democratic coalition that New would Deal last for 30■ years: South, reached West, urban, New Deal its labor, high point ethnic groups, & the poor in 1936 when FDRblacks, was re-elected ■ FDR’s experienced more setbacks in his 2 nd term than is 1 st term but he still remained a popular leader

Packing the Supreme Court U. S. v. Butler Schechter v. U. S. (1936) (1935) ■ The Supreme Court was FDR’s last obstacle to overcome: –The Court ruled the NRA & AAA All 9 justices were old, white men; Only 3 unconstitutional were sympathetic to the New Deal; 2 were unpredictable; 4 wanted to block –FDR’s solution was to New ask Deal Justice Willis Vanto Devanter to retire Congress appt 1 planned new justice in 1932, but stayed on because he felt FDR for each justice over 70 yrs old was “unfitted & unsafe for the presidency” –This controversial “court packing” plan would add 6 new justices

Packing the Supreme Court ■ The court-packing scheme was FDR eventually appointed 5 justices to the but Supreme in his 4 terms legal set a. Court scary precedent: –The Senate strongly resisted FDR & the Court defended itself against “ageism” attacks –The crisis ended when the Court declared the Wagner Act & Social Security constitutional & Judge Van Devanter resigned

The End of the New Deal ■ 1938 saw the end of the New Deal –Other than the Fair Labor Standards Act, FDR’s 2 nd term saw no new New Deal programs –FDR’s court-packing plan hurt his relationship with Congress –The “Roosevelt Recession” of 1937 was the result of FDR’s attempt to reduce gov’t spending & balance the budget

Unemployment, 1929 -1942

The Impact of the New Deal

The strikes Impact on Organized Labor Used & sit-ins to unionize Ford, ■ Unions were weak in the 1920 s: Chrysler, & GM Unionized the textile, – Only 3 million people were union rubber, electrical, Peacefully unionized metal industries members; Most joined the AFL U. S. Steel which barred unskilled laborers By 1940, the CIO had more union than the AFL (~10 m total) ■ Inmembers 1938, John Lewis formed the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) & used the Wagner Act to bring collective bargaining to more workers

CIO President John Lewis AFL-CIO merged in 1955 With AFL president Gompers way back in 1922

Republic Steel Strike in 1937 10 strikers died

The Impact on Organized Labor ■ For the 1 st time, unskilled & skilled laborers were unionized: –Women & African-Americans benefited because they made up a large % of unskilled labors –While the New Deal’s Wagner Act helped make unions stronger, major steps to unionize were initiated by the unions themselves, not the federal gov’t

The Impact on Women The New Deal brought few economic benefits to women: –The New Deal allowed for unequal wages; Social Security, the NRA, & minimum wage laws offered little help for women ■ But, women did see gains in gov’t: –The 1 st female cabinet member, Senator, ambassadors, & judges were appointed under FDR ■

The 1 st. The female cabinet member: 1 st female Senator: Hattie. Perkins Caraway(Dept (D-Arkansas) Francis of Labor)

The Impact on African-Americans The New Deal did little for blacks: The NRA stands for –Racism & segregation remained “Negroes Robbed Again” Social Security “looks like a sieve with the holes during just large enough for the strong the Depression majority of Negroes to fall through” –The NRA allowed lower wage —NAACP scales for black workers; The AAAwere allowed the eviction of Blacks the lastfor hired & first fired & tenant farmers sharecroppers Blacks AAA experienced –Minimum wage & 50% SS did not is a “continuation of unemployment rate the same raw deal” apply to farmersold & domestic servants (65% were black) ■

The Impact on African-Americans Despite the inequalities of the New Deal, blacks supported FDR: –FDR hired African-Americans to key gov’t positions “While relief & WPA are not ideal, they are Eleanor Roosevelt spoke out better–than the Hoover bread lines & they’ll have toagainst do until the realdiscrimination thing comes along” racial –The RFC brought assistance to 40% of unemployed blacks through the WPA ■

Eleanor Roosevelt with singer Marian Anderson

The Impact on Mexican-Americans ■ Mexican-Americans fared even less than African-Americans: –The Dust Bowl led to a flood of whites into the agricultural fields in the southwest –Congress created immigration restrictions & allowed for the deportation of illegal residents to reduce state welfare payments –Received few New Deal benefits

The Impact on Native Americans ■ Native-Americans remained the poorest of all U. S. residents but did benefit from the New Deal –The Indian Reorganization Act shifted U. S. Indian policy from Indians as yeoman farmers to unified & autonomous tribes –Many gained employment in the Indian Bureau

The Impact on the South & West ■ The South & West benefited the most from the New Deal: –The AAA helped end Southern dependence on sharecropping in favor of a wage labor system –The West received more work relief & welfare than any region –Hydroelectric power & irrigation programs helped residents

Conclusion: Conclusion The New Deal & American Life

Second Life The New. First Deal and American Hundred Days The New Deal lasted only 5 years majority of laws 10(1933 -1938); million were The 12 million were still unemployed FDR came in 2 bursts in 1933 when & 1935: in 1939 took office in 1933 ■ The New Deal was not very successful economically: –Helped relieve suffering but did not end the Depression –American wealth remained unequally distributed ■

The New Deal & American Life ■ The New Deal was more successful socially: –Social Security, Wagner Act, & the Fair Labor Standards Act helped elderly & disabled citizens, labor unions, & workers –The New Deal did not help women, minorities, domestic workers, or small farmers

The New Deal and American Life ■ The New Deal was most successful politically: –FDR’s leadership unified a new Democratic voting bloc –FDR used his leadership & optimism to provide a vital psychological lift to help citizens endure the Great Depression