Essential Question Question How did the American colonists
- Slides: 45
■ Essential Question: Question –How did the American colonists defeat the British during the Revolutionary War? ■ Warm-Up Question: –Given what you know about the Revolution so far, what arguments for independence do you think will be presented in the Declaration?
The Declaration of Independence ■ By 1776, American colonists were divided into 3 groups: –Patriots supported separation from Britain (independence) –Loyalists wanted to remain British colonies –Neutrals were undecided about which side to choose
Quick Review: How did we get to this point?
“No taxation without representation” Proclamation of 1763 Britain ended salutary neglect & began to assume ultimate authority over ALL colonial laws & taxes Stamp Act—colonies Act Townshend Acts— Acts must pay a tax on all ”indirect” tax on lead, paper products like paper, glass, tea cards and newspapers
The “ Sons of Colonists formed the First. Liberty” Continental urged Liberty Congress to help Americans in Boston; colonial resistance Formed Committees of Correspondence to to the Stamp Act increase communication among Americans using violence, if necessary Britain passed the Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts) Acts to punish colonists
The Enlightenment ■ The American Revolution was inspired by the Enlightenment: Enlightenment –John Locke—all men are born Locke with natural rights & citizens can revolt from tyrannical gov’ts –Montesquieu—separation of Montesquieu powers; checks & balances –Thomas Paine’s Common Sense urged colonial independence
Colonial Rebellion
Independence & the American Revolution
By July 1776, how had colonial attitudes towards Great Britain changed?
The Declaration of Independence ■ All 1776, men areenough born with “natural By July Americans rights” of life, liberty, & property were “patriots” that members of the Second Continental Citizens can break. Congress their social contract with committee their gov’t when formed a 5 -man to draft their gov’t becomes tyrannical a Declaration of Independence: –Thomas Jefferson of Virginia was the principal author –It was based on the “enlightened” ideas of John Locke & explained why the colonists were rebelling
Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776) Committee to draft the Declaration: Thomas Jefferson, Jefferson Ben Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, & Roger Sherman
Class Activity Examining Excerpts from the Declaration of Independence
The Declaration of Independence & Influences from the Enlightenment
Independence Hall at the Second Continental Congress
■ Essential Question: Question –How did the American colonists defeat the British during the Revolutionary War? ■ Warm-Up Question: –What factors do you think enabled the Colonists, with a small & inexperienced army, to beat the enormous & powerful British?
The American Revolution ■ The Dec of Independence was a formal demand for separation, but the Revolutionary War had already begun in 1775: –Lexington & Concord –Formation of a Continental Army under George Washington –Americans were divided among Patriots, Loyalists, & Neutrals
Patriots vs. Loyalists ■ Where were the Loyalists? ■ Why were Loyalists near cities? ■ Why are Indians loyalists?
Fighting the Revolutionary War
Revolutionary War ■ When the war began, the British had a clear military advantage: – 400% larger & more experienced army – More money – The world’s most dominant navy – Manufacturing to make war supplies
Britain under-estimated Revolutionary War the colonial ■ commitment to independence To win, the English had to find & But, the American defeat had: the Continental Army colonists – Familiarity with the environment – A commitment to win the war – Short supply lines to their soldiers – A defensive strategy to outlast the British
The Role of George Washington ■ As leader of the Continental Army, George Washington was the symbol of the American cause: –He had to build a professional army & coordinate the militias –Encouraged common citizens & volunteer soldiers to support the war even when the British seemed destined to win during the early years of the revolution
American Military: Continental Army, Colonial Militias, & Civilians
Differing Military Strategies General The Americans ■ Washington General The British Gage Outlast the British ■ Divide & Conquer –Use Loyalists, –Defend colonial seize property, lands & drag out encourage slave the war revolts –Guerilla tactics –Make an alliance –Split the Northern & Southern with France colonies As long as Britain did not defeat the –Blockade ports Continental Army, England could not win to prevent trade
The American Revolution began at Lexington & Concord
British victories from 1776 -1777 made an American victory look impossible
British Seizure & Burning of New York, 1776
On Christmas Eve 1776, Washington gave Americans hope by crossing the Delaware River & surprising British troops in Trenton, NJ
Crossing the Delaware in route to a surprise attack at Trenton & Princeton, 1776
The French Alliance ■ From the beginning of the war, American diplomats, led by Benjamin Franklin, tried to form an alliance with the French: –The French gov’t was willing, but needed to see that the Americans had a chance to win –The French agreed to join the American cause after the battle of Saratoga in 1777
The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point because France joined the Americans as an ally
The “Turning Point” of the Revolution: Marquis de The Battle of Saratoga, 1777 Lafayette After Saratoga, French general Lafayette helped train American troops while the French navy helped neutralize the British advantage on the high seas When French troops arrived in the spring 1778, the tide of the war shifted in favor of the Americans
During the winter of 1777 -78, Continental Army troops nearly starved at Valley Forge, PA but Washington & Lafayette inspired & trained the troops to continue the fight
Near Starvation at Valley Forge, PA in 1778
From 1778 -1781, both sides traded victories, but the war finally came to a conclusion at the Battle of Yorktown
The Battle of Yorktown By 1781, Washington trapped the army of British General Cornwallis between the Continental Army & the French navy
General Cornwallis surrendered to Washington The Battle of Yorktown in 1781, ending the American Revolution Cornwallis’ surrender was the “day the world turned upside down”
■ Essential Question: Question –How did the American colonists defeat the British during the Revolutionary War? ■ Warm-Up Question: –Describe a time when you had to reach a compromise with your parents over a controversial issue in your life?
Class Activity: Creating the terms of the Treaty of Paris, 1783 ■ In groups, consider the following: –What were American intentions when the war began? –Why did the French join? –Design a treaty that you feel would adequately satisfy the Americans at the end of the Revolutionary War
The Treaty of Paris, 1783
The Treaty of Paris (1783) The Treaty of Paris in 1783 ended the American Revolution ■ The treaty gave America: – Full independence – All territory east of Mississippi River, between Canada & FL – The removal of the British army from U. S. claims in America ■
North America after the Treaty of Paris, 1763
North America after the Treaty of Paris, 1783
The American Revolution inspired other revolutions throughout the world Use this chart to Ideas of the ENLIGHTENMENT search for DEBTrights, was asocial (natural contract theory) clues: TAXES were a common problem inspired all revolutions common problem What “cause” do the American, French, & Latin American revolutions have in common?
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