Essential Question Question How did American efforts at

■ Essential Question: Question –How did American efforts at home help win the war and transform the American economy & society?

Do Now: Presented by Tyre ■ Why was the American public hesitant to join WWI? ■ Why did the US enter WWI? Was this decision justified? Why or why not?

Causes of the War ■ Imperialism – Nations competing for imperial interests led to distrust and small conflicts around the world ■ Nationalism – The belief of each of the European nations that their own culture, military, and economy were superior to their competitors. ■ Militarism – European arms race meant all nations were instantly ready for war, removing the possibility of a cooling off period. ■ Alliances – Mistrust of others led to alliances, which meant one small event pushed all of Europe into war.

The US enters the War ■ Lusitania – Sank by German U-Boat with 128 Americans on board. • 2 other ships sank (Arabic & Sussex) ■ Zimmerman Telegram – Urged Mexico to invade the US in exchange for economic and military support from Germany ■ Russian Revolution – Wilson didn’t want to fight a war to help out Russia, due to their autocratic system headed by the Czar. The Revolution removed this obstacle for US involvement. ■ Renewed Submarine Attacks. – First weeks of March 1917, German subs sank 5 unarmed US merchant ships. Last straw.

“Over Here” Here The Homefront During World War I

“Over Here” ■ To win over there, there the U. S. had to effectively mobilize over here –Wilson consolidated federal authority to organize U. S. war production & distribution –Wilson began a massive propaganda campaign aimed at winning over the American public to support the war effort

Homefront Propaganda ■ Wilson formed the Committee on We Are (CPI) Fighting” & Public “Why Information & hired “The Meaning of America” muckraker George Creel to Sauerkraut was renamed “Liberty Cabbage” & The Prussian Cur & pretzels were no longer served in bars publicize the U. S. war effort: The Kaiser, the Beast of Berlin Bach, Beethoven, & Brahms –Voluntary censorship in press were not played in symphonies – 75, 000 “ 4 -minute men” gave speeches (facts or emotions? ) emotions –Propaganda motion picture films ■ Led to sweeping anti-German sentiment & some vigilantism

“The Flag of Liberty represents us all” all Which groups are these posters targeting?

“Emotional” Wartime Propaganda Murder Pillaging & Kidnapping Rape

IWW anti-war critic "It's allimage right, of vigilantism Find Frank Little was pal; just tell dragged through them he was a streets of Butte, traitor" Montana & lynched Anti-German Vigilantism

Homefront Censorship ■ Wilson encouraged censorship: – Espionage Act—aiding the enemy, Act obstructing troop recruitment, or encouraging “disloyalty” were declared illegal Wilson set out to encourage U. S. unity – Trading-with-the-Enemy Act— Act Wilson (like Lincoln during the Civil War, was willing use force if needed) censored thetoforeign press – Sedition Act—made it illegal to speak Act “disloyally” towards the U. S. gov’t, the flag, or U. S. troops

Schenk Eugene was sentenced conspiracy to circulate Homefront Censorship V. Debsfor was jailed when his pamphlets encouraging soldierstoto. Reason mutiny Socialist newsletter Appeal ■encouraged First Amendment restrictions were Americans to resist enlisting in upheld by to the Supreme Court: the military fight a “capitalists’ war” – 3 cases were decided in 1919: Schenk v US, Debs v US, Socialism in thev U. S. Abrams US never that supported recovered WWI attacks gov’tfrom convictions under the Espionage Act of 1917 Defendants passed out documents that denounced 1 st–Amendment rights can be restricted Theofgov’t usedtothe wartime thewhen sending U. S. troops Russia resist the it presents a “clear & present(to danger” Bolshevik Revolution) & that called for a climate to undermine radical (Like “yelling ‘fire’ in a crowded theater”) general strikeunions & other (IWW) “revolutionary actions” labor & socialism

Homefront: The Red Scare ■ A “red scare” hit America as a result of the Russian Revolution –Americans feared Lenin’s anticapitalist revolution & were angry over Russia’s pullout on the Eastern Front –Wilson sent troops to the USSR, refused to recognize the new gov’t, & did not allow Russia to attend the post-war conference

The Red Scare “What a year has brought forth” NY World

The Red Scare “Put Them Out & Keep Them Out” Philadelphia Inquirer

Palmer used this act of violence as an opportunity to invoke the Alien Act of. The 1918 & arrested or deported ~6, 000 suspected Redradicals Scare: (some were innocent U. S. citizens) Palmer Raids U. S. Attorney Police arrested General “suspected Mitchell Reds’ in Palmer’s Home Chicago, 1920 was bombed

A Bureaucratic War

A Bureaucratic War ■ To coordinate the war effort, 5, 000 new gov’t agencies were created: –War Industries Board (WIB) Imposed “gasless” days & shut down oversaw all factories, determined factories for days to divert or conserve fuel priorities, fixed consumer prices –Food Admin supplied food to WIB director Bernard Baruch became soldiers by appealing to civilians the “dictator of the American economy” – Fuel Admin rationed coal & oil Asked for a spirit of self-sacrifice, imposed –RR &Admin, War days Shipping Board, “meatless” “wheat-less” & encouraged Americans to plant. Board “victoryhelped gardens”move & War Trade resources to troops

U. S. Food Administration

U. S. Food Administration

U. S. Fuel Administration

U. S. Shipping Board

A Bureaucratic War ■ WWI was expensive, costing the U. S. $32 billion, but was paid for by –Liberty Bonds (raised $23 billion) An unprecedented alliance –A boost in personal & corporate income taxes (led to $10 billion) ■ The partnership between business & the gov’t met the war demand & increased business profits 300%

The American War Workforce

Workers in the War ■ WWI led to a new alliance between the gov’t & labor unions: –AFL headman Gompers was named to the Council of Nat’l Defense to help enlist union support for the war effort –War Labor Board (WLB) was formed to standardize wages & hours, protect union rights, & give equal pay for women

But the WLB seized companies during strikes (national interests come first!) Coal Miner’s Strike 1919 “Keeping Warm” Los Angeles Times

Workers in the War ■ The war called for more laborers: – 8 million women found new, better-paying jobs in war industry (but few housewives entered the workforce, unlike WW 2) – 450, 000 Southern blacks moved north for new industrial jobs & better pay (led to race riots) – 100, 000 Mexican laborers worked in SW farms & ranches

Women Helped Recruit & Sell War Bonds

Women Joined the Red Cross

The True Sons of Freedom Du Bois’ New Negro: “We return from fighting. We return fighting. ” Returning black soldiers: “I’m glad I went. I done my part & I’m going to fight right here until Uncle Sam does his. ”

“Rescuing a Negro during “Migration” the race riots The African American in Chicago, 1919” Northward, 1910 -1920

At the beginning of the war, the United Conclusions States owed $3 billion to foreign nations ■ World War. At 1 the changed America: end of the war, foreign nations owed the $13 billion – The U. S. emerged as. U. S. the world’s strongest economic power & ushered in the “Roaring 20 s” – But the U. S. gov’t intervened in American lives as never before: draft, censorship, propaganda, war bonds, partnering with big business & unions