Essential Question How did America evolve towards greater

■ Essential Question: –How did America evolve towards greater democracy between 1800 & 1840? –How did President Jackson reflect this change? ■ Warm-Up Question: –What was the most important social reform of the 1830 s? Explain why

■ Essential Question: –How did America evolve towards greater democracy between 1800 & 1840? –How did President Jackson reflect this change? ■ Warm-Up Question:

Class Discussion: What did America change from 1800 to 1830?

The Growth of Democracy ■ From 1800 to 1840, democracy increased in America: –Before 1800, less than 50% of white men could vote because of property & tax restrictions –By 1840, these restrictions were removed which allowed 90% of “common” white men to vote (“universal white male suffrage”)

Because more “common men” could vote, political parties used new techniques to get votes Campaigns, parades, & slogans that appealed to the “common man” Well organized political parties to rally voters As a result of these changes, the 1830 s & 1840 s saw massive voter turnout in elections

What is voter turnout like today?

1. George Washington ■ In 1828, Andrew Jackson 2. John Adams was elected president: 3. Thomas st “common man” – The 1 Jefferson 4. James candidate (Old Hickory) Madison – He split from Jefferson’s 5. James Monroe Democratic-Republican 6. John Q. Party & helped form the Adams Democratic Party 7. Andrew Jackson (the 1 st modern party) –He greatly expanded presidential power

Jackson’s & rowdy inauguration Who wild is Andrew Jackson?

Changing Politics Under Jackson ■ President Jackson changed American government: –He rewarded loyal supporters with gov’t jobs (spoils system) –He used the presidential veto more often than any president for the next 100 years –Critics of Jackson’s Democrats formed the Whig Party (which maintained the two-party system)

Political Parties Family Tree

The 1 st Two-Party System Democratic-Repubs Federalists Leader of the party? ■ Thomas Jefferson ■ Alexander Hamilton ■ States’ rights & ■ Strong national Beliefs about gov’t? individual liberties government ■ Strict interpretation Loose interpretation Interpreting the■Constitution? of the Constitution ■ Strongest supportregional ■ Strongest support? support in in South & West the North ■ Supported by. American ■ Supported byparty? the What type of supported the common farmers wealthy

The 2 nd Two-Party System Democrats Whigs ■ Pro-Jackson ■ Jackson’s Who formed the party? supporters opponents ■ States’ rights, ■ Strong central gov’t, about government? farming, Beliefs & Western industry, trade, & expansion national banks ■ Supported in the ■ Supported in NE, by What type of American supported the party? South & West, by merchants & common farmers bankers

Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency ■ Jackson’s 8 years as president were defined by 3 controversies: –In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act to remove remaining Indians from the East

Indian Removal ■ Jackson faced a problem with Indians in the American South: –Gold was discovered in north Georgia in 1828 in lands controlled by the Cherokee who refused to move from GA –Jackson asked Congress for the Indian Removal Act of 1830 to relocate Indians across the Mississippi River

One Since reason the arrival the Cherokee of Europeans, still remained the Cherokee east of thesaw Mississippi their territory was because slowly taken their land awaywas mountainous & not ideal for cash-crop farming

The Cherokee were not removed earlier than the 1830 s was because they were highly civilized & did not fit the “traditional Indian stereotype” The Cherokee had did not a written go to war alphabet, when Congress democratically passed the elected Indian leaders, Removal & were Act, they sued skilled in farmers the Supreme Court…and won! But, the state of Georgia & President Jackson ignored the Supreme Court & took Indian lands anyway Sequoyah’s Syllabary

In 1838, the U. S. Army forced the Cherokees west on the “Trail of Tears”

■ Essential Question: – How did America evolve towards greater democracy between 1800 & 1840? – How did President Jackson reflect this change? ■ Warm-Up Question: – What is the difference between a “Democrat” & “Whig”? – Why was Indian Removal so controversial under Jackson?

Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency ■ Jackson’s 8 years as president were defined by 3 controversies: –In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act to remove remaining Indians from the East –The Nullification Crisis (1832 -33) exposed sectionalism between the states & national government

The Nullification Crisis ■ By the 1830 s, sectionalism was becoming obvious, that states Nullificationmore is the argument have the right to ignore federal especially over the issue of laws tariffs: that they think are unfair –Southerners argued that tariffs helped Northern industry but made prices higher for farmers –When Congress passed a high tariff in 1832, Southerners claimed “states’ rights” & threatened to nullify the tariff

Nullification Crisis, 1832 ■ VP John Calhoun ■ President Jackson threatened to Jackson from South viewed nullification “hang Carolina Calhoun from the nearest tree” urged nullification as a threat to U. S. ■ States have the right ■ The national gov’t is to protect supreme over themselves from the individual states national government ■ Urged Congress to ■ As a last resort, pass the Force Bill states can secede to enforce the tariff from the Union

The Nullification Crisis ■ In 1833, Congress created a compromise tariff & the crisis ended ■ Significance of Nullification Crisis: –Revealed sectionalism between North & South –The South used “states’ rights” to argue that secession was possible –President Jackson was willing to use force to protect the power of the national gov’t over the states

Key Events of Jackson’s Presidency ■ Jackson’s 8 years as president were defined by 3 controversies: –In 1830, Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act to remove remaining Indians from the East –The Nullification Crisis (1832 -33) exposed sectionalism between the states & national government –Jackson’s decision to kill the 2 nd Bank of the United States

In 1816, Congress created the Second Bank of the U. S. as part of Henry Clay’s American System The BUS held ~$10 million in federal money & loaned it to state banks which forced small banks to be smart when issuing loans State banks loaned money to individual citizens, businesses, or local governments to finance roads, canals, factories, & farms

The Bank War Jackson frequently attacked the bank as Jackson’s veto did not immediately kill the “dangerous to people’s ■ President Jackson hated the BUS…its charter would not endliberties” for 4 BUS: years –He thought it was unconstitutional & gave too much power to the elite –In 1832, he vetoed a law that would have extended the charter of the BUS another 20 years –In 1833, he ordered all federal money to be. Irony? removed from the BUS & put in 23 “pet” state banks –Without the BUS, the economy entered a 6 -year recession

“King” Andrew? Jackson was criticized as abusing his Constitutional powers as president

Conclusions ■ Andrew Jackson represented a new era in American democracy: –Forming the Democratic Party, campaigning for the votes of the “common man, ” & spoils system –Jackson’s use of the veto strengthened presidential power –Opposition to Jackson led to the permanent two-party system

Closure Activity ■ Assess the presidencies of Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, & Jackson by completing the chart: –For each president, identify as many “successes” & “criticisms” as possible –Use your Unit 4 notes as a review for this activity

Hero or Villain? You Decide! President Thomas Jefferson James Madison James Monroe Andrew Jackson Events to get you started… Embargo of 1807 Louisiana Purchase Declaration of War (1812) Washington DC Burned Treaty of Ghent Monroe Doctrine Era of Good Feelings Indian Removal Act Nullification Crises Closing Bank of United States

■ The period of time in U. S. history before the Civil War is known as the Antebellum Era (1800 -1860) –Early Antebellum (1800 -1840) • American nationalism • Age of the “common man” • Industrial revolution, rise of “king cotton, ” market economy –Late Antebellum (1840 -1860) • Manifest Destiny into the West • Sectionalism divided North & South