Espaol Year 9 Language Guide noroeste suroeste norte

Español Year 9 Language Guide noroeste suroeste norte centro sur noreste sureste Mi nombre: ………………… Mi clase: ………………… © Rha

Contents Page ¿Qué cosas te gustan? (What things do you like? ) 1 GUSTAR: expressing likes and dislikes 2 ¿Qué haces en tu tiempo libre? (What things do you do? ) 3 Present tense: regular verbs 4 Present tense: irregular SER / ESTAR / IR / HACER / TENER 5 Tipos de película (Types of film) 6 Near future tense 6 ¿Qué películas te gustan? (What types of film do you like? ) 7 ¿Cómo vas a celebrar? (How are you going to celebrate? ) 8 ¿Cómo fue tu cumpleaños? (How was your birthday? ) 9 Preterite tense: regular verbs 10 Preterite tense: IR (to go) & SER (to be) 11 Preterite tense: irregular verbs 12 ¿Qué tienes que hacer? (What do you have to do? ) 13 Verbs + infinitives: useful structures 14 -16 ¿Qué tipo de persona eres? (What type of person are you? ) 17 Adjectives 18 ¿En qué te gustaría trabajar? (What job would you like to do? ) 19 ¿Cómo va a ser tu futuro? (What is your future going to be like? ) 20 Describe tu trabajo (Describe your job) 21 ¿Qué hiciste ayer? (What did you do yesterday? ) 22 ¿Llevas una dieta sana? (Do you have a healthy diet? ) 23 Direct object pronouns 24 Negatives 25 ¿Qué haces para estar en forma? (What do you do to keep fit? ) 26

Present tense: Radical-changing verbs 27 ¿Cuál es tu rutina diaria? (What is your daily routine? ) 28 Present tense: Reflexive verbs 28 ¿Qué tal estás? (How are you? ) 29 Expresiones con TENER (to have) 30 Las partes del cuerpo (Parts of the body) 31 Se debe + infinitive 32 Nacionalidades (nationalities) 33 Mis derechos (my rights) 34 QUERER (to want) & PODER (to be able to) 35 ¿Cómo vas al instituto? (How do you get to school? ) 36 El comercio justo (fairtrade) 37 ¡Reciclamos! (Let’s recycle) 38 ¿Cómo era tu ciudad antes? (What was your town like before? 39 Imperfecto 40 Números cardinales y ordinales (Cardinal & ordinal numbers) 41 Assessment Steps Websites 42, 43 44

Opiniones ¿Qué cosas te gustan? ¿Qué cosas te encantan / te chiflan / te flipan / te molan? Me gusta(n)… Me encanta(n) Me chifla(n) Me flipa(n) Me mola(n)… No me gusta(n) (nada)… el baile / el cine el deporte / el dibujo el racismo / el teatro la moda / la música la naturaleza / la pesca la violencia los cómics los insectos lunes las artes marciales las injusticias las tareas domésticas What things do you like? What things do you love? I like… I love… I don’t like… (at all). dance / cinema sport / drawing racism / theatre fashion / music nature / fishing violence comics insects Mondays martial arts injustice household chores 1

GUSTAR and expressing likes and dislikes Gustar really means ‘to be pleasing to’. Use ‘gusta’ with singular nouns and ‘gustan’ with plural nouns. You need to use the correct indirect pronoun too to show who likes what. Expressing likes and dislikes – 3 impersonal verbs indirect pronouns GUSTAR – to like ENCANTAR – to love INTERESAR – to interest gusta(n) encanta(n) interesa(n) me (to me) te (to you) le (to him/her) le (to you – formal, 1 pers) nos (to us) os (to you – fam. pl) les (to them) les (to you – formal, pl) There are other verbs that work in this way too. The most important ones are: encantar to love interesar to interest chiflar to adore / love molar to adore / love flipar to adore / love hacer falta to need doler (o ue) to hurt 2

En mi tiempo libre In my free time Hago judo / natación. Voy al parque / polideportivo. Voy de pesca. Soy miembro de un equipo. I do judo / go swimming. Expresiones de frecuencia a veces dos veces a la semana muy a menudo casi todos los días todo el tiempo siempre Expressions of frequency ¿Cómo organizas tu semana? Bailo Zumba®. Cocino para mi familia. Escribo canciones. Juego en mi consola. Leo revistas / libros. Monto en bici. Navego por Internet. Preparo la cena. Saco fotos. Toco el teclado. Veo un partido de fútbol. How do you organise your week? ¿Cuándo? después del insti este fin de semana los fines de semana los lunes / martes los jueves por la tarde mañana por la tarde When? I go to the park / sports centre. I go fishing. I am a member of a team. sometimes twice a week very often almost every day all the time always I dance Zumba. I cook for my family. I write songs. I play on my games console. I read magazines / books. I ride a bike. I surf the internet. I prepare dinner. I take photos. I play the keyboard. I watch a football game. after school this weekend at weekends on Mondays / Tuesdays on Thursday afternoons tomorrow afternoon 3

Regular present tense verbs To talk about actions in the present, you need to change the infinitive verb by taking off the last 2 letters (either –AR, ER, or –IR) and adding different endings. The endings tell you who is doing the action of the verb. E. g. hablo = I speak, bailan = they dance. In Spanish you usually leave out the subject pronoun (I, you, he, she…) because the endings show which person is referred to. Look at the table below to see which endings you need to add to the regular –AR, -ER and –IR verbs to make the present tense. NB: Use the tú and vosotros forms of ‘you’ when talking to friends, relations or children. Use the Usted and Ustedes forms when talking to an adult who you would not call by their first name. Regular present tense verbs (AR) hablar – to speak (ER) aprender – to learn (IR) escribir – to write yo (I) hablo aprendo escribo tú (you, 1 pers fam) hablas aprendes escribes él/ella (he, she) habla aprende escribe Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) habla aprende escribe hablamos aprendemos escribimos vosotros (you, pl, fam) habláis aprendéis escribís ellos/ellas (they) hablan aprenden escriben Ustedes (you, pl, formal) hablan aprenden escriben nosotros (we) 4

Irregular present tense verbs Some verbs do not follow the regular pattern and you need to learn these by heart. You know them already from Y 7 and Y 8, but make sure you know them really well! The 2 verbs ‘to be’ SER – to be ESTAR – to be yo (I) soy estoy tú (you, 1 pers fam) eres estás él/ella (he, she) es está Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) es está somos estamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) sois estáis ellos/ellas (they) son están Ustedes (you, pl, formal) son están nosotros (we) SER is for describing permanent or unchanging characteristics e. g. nationality, professions, physical appearances, time ESTAR is for locations and temporary conditions e. g. mood, state of health, weather, location and position, states that might change 3 more Irregular present tense verbs HACER – to make/do IR – to go TENER – to have yo (I) hago voy tengo tú (you, 1 pers fam) haces vas tienes él/ella (he, she) hace va tiene Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) hace va tiene hacemos vamos tenemos vosotros (you, pl, fam) hacéis vais tenéis ellos/ellas (they) hacen van tienen Ustedes (you, pl, formal) hacen van tienen nosotros (we) NB: Hay = there is / there are 5

Cartelera de cine What’s on at the cinema Voy a ver… una comedia una película de acción una película de animación una película de aventuras una película de ciencia ficción una película de fantasía una película de superhéroes una película de terror ¿Vas a venir? ¿Vamos a ver ? I am going to see… a comedy an action film an animated film an adventure film a science-fiction film a fantasy film a superhero film a horror film Are you going to come? Are we going to see…? Near future tense Saying what you are going to do The present tense of IR (to go) + an infinitive verb IR – to go (irregular verb) yo (I) voy tú (you, 1 pers, fam) vas él/ella (he, she) va Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) va nosotros (we) vamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) vais ellos/ellas (they) van Ustedes (you, pl, formal) van a ver la tele ir al cine visitar a mis amigos jugar al tenis hacer mis deberes quedarme en casa 6

¿Qué tipo de películas te gustan? Me encantan las comedias. No me gustan las películas de terror. Mi película favorita es… Mi actor favorito es… Mi actriz favorita es… ¿Qué tipo de película es? Es una comedia. En mi opinión… Creo / Pienso que… What type of films do you like? Reacciones Claro que sí. De acuerdo. (No) voy a ir. No, gracias. ¿Estás loco/a? ¡Ni en sueños! ¡Qué rollo! Reactions I love comedies. I don’t like horror films. My favourite film is… My favourite actor is… My favourite actress is… What type of film is it? It is a comedy. In my opinion… I think (that)… Of course. All right. I am (not) going to go. No thanks. Are you crazy? Not a chance! How boring! 7

¿Cuándo vas a celebrar tu cumpleaños? When are you going to celebrate your birthday? mañana la semana que viene el fin de semana que viene el mes que viene el nueve de febrero tomorrow next weekend next month on the ninth of February ¿Cómo vas a celebrar? How are you going to celebrate? Voy a hacer karting. Voy a ir a la bolera. Voy a ir a un parque de atracciones. Voy a jugar al paintball. Voy a pasar la noche en casa con mis amigos / amigas. Voy a sacar muchas fotos. I am going to do go-karting. I am going to go bowling. I am going to go to a theme park. I am going to play paintball. I am going to have a sleepover at home with my friends. I am going to take lots of photos. We are going to ride a roller coaster. We are going to watch horror films. It’s going to be great! 8 Vamos a montar en una montaña rusa. Vamos a ver películas de terror. ¡Va a ser genial!

¿Cómo fue tu cumpleaños? How was your birthday? Celebré mi cumpleaños con mi familia / mis amigos. ¿Qué hiciste? Fui / Fuimos al parque de atracciones. Invité a mis amigos a pasar la noche en mi casa. Bebí / Bebimos refrescos. Comí / Comimos tarta de cumpleaños. Recibí muchos regalos. Fue alucinante / increíble. I celebrated my birthday with my family / friends. What did you do? I / We went to theme park. I invited my friends to sleep over at my house. I / We drank soft drinks. I / We ate birthday cake. I received lots of presents. It was amazing / incredible. Palabras muy frecuentes así que casi primero luego después más tarde o por supuesto quizás también High-frequency words so, therefore nearly, almost first then afterwards later or of course maybe also 9

The preterite – regular verbs We use the preterite to describe events and actions in the past that are finished. Use the patterns below to form it. { ER & IR have the same endings! Regular preterite tense verbs (AR) comprar– to buy (ER) comer – to eat (IR) vivir – to live compré comí viví compraste comiste viviste él/ella (he, she) compró comió vivió Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) compró comió vivió nosotros (we) compramos comimos vivimos vosotros (you, pl, fam) comprasteis comisteis vivisteis ellos/ellas (they) compraron comieron vivieron Ustedes (you, pl, formal) compraron comieron yo (I) tú (you, 1 pers fam) vivieron alojarse (to stay) beber (to drink) salir (to go out) ayudar (to help) volver (to return) bailar (to dance) deber (to have to) bañarse (to bathe) cantar (to sing) cenar (to have dinner) empezar* (to begin) jugar* (to play) pasar (to spend time) pensar (to think) tomar (to take) visitar (to visit) NB: some verbs change spelling in the ‘yo’ form empezar empecé jugar jugué sacar saqué 10

Preterite tense: IR (to go) and SER (to be) and IR (to go) are irregular, BUT they are identical in the preterite so you get two verbs in one! E. g. Mi padre fue a España. ¡Fue estupendo! My father went to Spain. It was brilliant! (yo) fui I went (tú) fuiste you went (fam. /sing. ) (él/ella) fue he/she went (Usted) fue you went (polite/sing. ) (nosotros) fuimos we went (vosotros) fuisteis you went (fam. /plural) (ellos/ellas) fueron they (m) (f) went (Ustedes) fueron you went (polite/plural) (yo) fui I was (tú) fuiste you were (fam. /sing. ) (él/ella) fue he/she/it was (Usted) fue you were (polite/sing. ) (nosotros) fuimos we were (vosotros) fuisteis you were (fam. /plural) (ellos/ellas) fueron they (m) (f) were (Ustedes) you were (polite/plural) fueron 11

The preterite – irregular Some verbs are not regular in the preterite and need to be learnt! Here are the 4 most important: IR – to go SER – to be HACER – to do, to make TENER – to have ESTAR – to be fui hice tuve estuve fuiste hiciste tuviste estuviste fue hizo tuvo estuvo fuimos hicimos tuvimos estuvimos fuisteis hicisteis tuvisteis estuvisteis fueron hicieron tuvieron estuvieron Here are some other important irregular verbs – the ‘yo’ form is given and the endings are usually predictable. E. g. decir dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron. dar (to give) di decir (to say, tell) dije poder (to be able, can) pude poner (to put) puse querer (to want, wish) quise ver (to see, watch) vi traer (to bring) traje saber (to know) supe venir (to come) vine producir (to produce) produje 12

Los trabajos en el hotel Hotel jobs Soy… camarero/a cocinero/a dependiente/a esteticista jardinero/a limpiador(a) peluquero/a recepcionista I am… a waiter a cook a shop assistant a beautician a gardener a cleaner a hairdresser a receptionist ¿En qué consiste tu trabajo? ¿Qué tienes que hacer? Tengo que… contestar al teléfono y ayudar a los clientes cortar el pelo a los clientes cuidar las plantas hacer manicuras limpiar habitaciones preparar comida servir la comida en el restaurante vender productos en la tienda What does your job involve? What do you have to do? I have to… answer the phone and help customers cut customers’ hair look after the plants do manicures clean rooms prepare food serve food in the restaurant sell products in the shop 13

Verbs plus infinitives: useful structures 1. Use ‘sirve para’ followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘it’s used for / you use it for’ doing something Ejemplo: El agua sirve para lavar la ropa. You use water for washing clothes. 2. Use ‘gustar’ (or other similar verbs) followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to like doing something’ Ejemplo: Me gusta mucho montar a caballo I like horse-riding a lot. 3. Use ‘se puede’ followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘you/one can do something’ Ejemplo: En Cambridge se puede hacer ‘punting’ You(one) can do punting in Cambridge 4. Use ‘soler’ followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to usually do something’ SOLER (radical-changing verb) yo (I) suelo tú (you, 1 pers fam) sueles él/ella (he, she) suele Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) suele nosotros (we) solemos vosotros (you, pl, fam) soléis ellos/ellas (they) suelen Ustedes (you, pl, formal) suelen beber agua mineral tomar el desayuno a las siete comer muchas legumbres cenar a las ocho comer muchos pasteles 14

5. Use any of the verbs below followed by an infinitive to give advice to someone. hay que. . you (one) must… se tiene que… you (one) must…. se debe… you (one) should. . se recomienda it is recommended. . 6. Use ‘’querer” followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to want to do something QUERER (radical-changing verb) yo (I) tú (you, 1 pers fam) quiero quieres él/ella (he, she) quiere Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) quiere nosotros (we) queremos vosotros (you, pl, fam) queréis ellos/ellas (they) quieren Ustedes (you, pl, formal) quieren ir a España tomar el desayuno a las siete visitar Barcelona cenar a las ocho ver una película 7. Use ‘’tener que” followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to have to do something Ejemplo: Tengo que lavar los platos todos los días I have to wash the dishes every day 15

8. Use ‘’hay que” followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to have to do something in a more impersonal way, about people in general Ejemplo: Para sacar buenas notas, hay que estudiar mucho. To get good marks, you have to study a lot 9. Use ‘’necesitar” followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to need to do something” Ejemplo: Necesito llamar a mi madre. I need to phone my mum. 10. Use ‘hace falta” followed by an infinitive to express the meaning ‘to need to do something and gustaría followed by an infinitive to express the meaning “would like to do something” hace falta comprar un boli nuevo gustaría descansar me te le nos os les estudiar más 16

¿Te gusta tu trabajo? (No) Me gusta (nada) mi trabajo porque es… difícil duro estimulante estresante interesante monótono repetitivo ¿Cómo es tu jefe? Mi jefe/a (no) es muy educado/a. ¿Cómo son los clientes? Los clientes son exigentes / maleducados. Mis compañeros son simpáticos. Do you like your job? I (don’t) like my job (at all) because it is… difficult hard stimulating stressful interesting monotonous repetitive What is your boss like? My boss is (not) very polite. What are the customers like? The customers are demanding / rude. My colleagues are nice. ¿Qué tipo de persona eres? ¿Cómo eres? En mi opinión, soy… Creo / Pienso que soy… Soy muy / bastante… ambicioso/a creativo/a independiente inteligente organizado/a paciente práctico/a responsable serio/a sociable What type of person are you? What are you like? In my opinion, I am… I think I am… I am very / quite… ambitious creative independent intelligent organised patient practical responsible serious sociable 17

Adjectives An adjective is always describing something, and that word is a noun. In Spanish you have to look at the noun’s gender and number and then decide whether the adjective you are using needs to change. Agreement The adjective should have the same number and gender as the noun it describes. Sometimes the adjective does not have to change. The two rules for deciding are as follows: if the adjective ends in –o then the o must change to a if the noun it describes is feminine; if the adjective ends in any other letter do not change it — except: if the adjective describes the nationality or regional origin of the noun, then it must be made feminine if the noun it describes is feminine; if the noun is plural, the adjective should be made plural too. For example: singular plural masculine feminine short bajo baja bajos bajas blue azules English inglés inglesa ingleses inglesas Position In sentences where the noun and the adjective come next to each other, in Spanish it is the noun which comes first, usually. In English it is the other way round. For example: We have a blue car A big garden The tall girls Some difficult lessons Tenemos un coche azul Un jardín grande Las chicas altas Unas clases difíciles There are very few cases where the word order is the same as in English. 18

¿En qué te gustaría trabajar? Me gustaría ser… What job would you like to do? I would like to be… Quiero ser… I want to be… abogado/a a lawyer cantante a singer diseñador(a) a designer enfermero/a a nurse mecánico/a a mechanic periodista a journalist policía a police officer taxista a taxi driver Me gustaría… I would like… No me gustaría (nada)… I wouldn’t like… (at all) trabajar al aire libre to work in the open air trabajar con animales to work with animals trabajar con niños to work with children trabajar en equipo to work in a team trabajar en una oficina to work in an office trabajar solo/a to work alone hacer un trabajo creativo to do a creative job hacer un trabajo manual to do a manual job 19

¿Cómo va a ser tu futuro? What is your future going to be like? En el futuro… In the future… Voy a… I am going to… ganar mucho dinero earn lots of money hacer un trabajo interesante do an interesting job ir a la universidad go to university ser famoso/a be famous ser voluntario/a be a volunteer tener hijos have children viajar (mucho) travel (a lot) vivir en el extranjero live abroad Va a ser (muy) interesante. It is going to be (very) interesting. mi/mis tu/tus además a veces también a ver/ bueno / pues por eso así que primero luego my your what’s more at times also well so / therefore first then 20

Describe tu trabajo Describe your job ¿En qué trabajas? ¿Por qué decidiste ser…? Me gusta mucho… y por eso decidí ser… Estudié… y me encantó. ¿Cómo es un día de trabajo típico? Hablo con clientes. Leo mi agenda. Preparo mis cosas. Trabajo con mi equipo. Voy a la oficina. ¿Qué cualidades tienes que tener? Tienes que ser… En mi trabajo, los idiomas son muy importantes. Hablo español, alemán e inglés. ¿Cuáles son tus ambiciones para el futuro? Voy a estudiar / trabajar en… ¡Va a ser guay / fenomenal / flipante! What do you do for a living? Why did you decide to be a…? I really like… and so I decided to be a… I studied… and I loved it. What is a typical working day like? I talk to customers. I read my diary. I prepare my things. I work with my team. I go to the office. What qualities do you need to have? You need to be… In my job, languages are very important. I speak Spanish, German and English. What are your future ambitions? I am going to study / work in… It is going to be cool / fantastic / awesome! 21

¿Qué hiciste ayer? What did you do yesterday? Ayer… Yesterday Conocí a… I met… Fui a… I went to Hablé con… I spoke to… Hablé por Skype I talked on Skype Organicé una visita para… I organised a visit for Preparé un programa especial Viajé en helicóptero I prepared a special programme I travelled by helicopter Bebí … I drank… Comí… I ate… Dormí un poco I slept for a bit Escuché música I listened to music Escribí SMS a mis amigos I write texts to my friends Jugué a un videojuego I played a video game Llegué tarde al trabajo I arrived late for work Perdí mi trabajo I lost my job 22

¿Llevas una dieta sana? Llevo una dieta sana. Me gusta (bastante / mucho) el pan. Me gustan las galletas. No me gusta(n) (nada)… el arroz / el pan el pollo / el pescado la carne / la ensalada la pasta / la pizza los caramelos huevos los pasteles las galletas las verduras Como / Comí verduras. Bebo / Bebí agua. Do you have a healthy diet? ¿Con qué frecuencia comes pescado? Lo / La / Los / Las como… tres veces al día cada día / todos los días dos veces a la semana los fines de semana una vez al mes muy a menudo a veces de vez en cuando (Casi) nunca lo / la / los / las como. How often do you eat fish? I have a healthy diet. I (quite / really) like bread. I like biscuits. I (really) don’t like… (at all). rice / bread chicken / fish meat / salad pasta / pizza sweets eggs cakes biscuits vegetables I eat / ate vegetables. I drink / drank water. I eat it / them… three times a day every day twice a week at weekends once a month very often sometimes from time to time I (almost) never eat it / them. 23

Direct object pronouns Subject pronouns Direct object pronouns yo I me me tú you (singular familiar) te you (singular familiar) él he lo (le)* he ella she Usted you (singular formal) lo/la(le)* nos you (singular formal) us nosotros we vosotros you (plural familiar) ellos they (masculine) los them (masculine) ellas they (feminine) las them (feminine) Ustedes you (plural formal) los/las you (plural formal) * ‘le’ is sometimes used more often than ‘lo’ for male people These are placed before the verb except after positive commands, infinitives and gerunds (present participles). For example: 1. No sé donde está mi libro. Lo dejé en la mesa. I don’t know where my book is. I left it on the table. 2. Tu hermana es muy deportista. La ví ayer en el partido de fútbol. Your sister is very sporty. I saw her yesterday in the football match. 24

Negatives 1. Put ‘no’ before the verb to make a negative sentence. No vivo en Dublin. I don’t live in Dublin. 2. Put ‘nada’ after the verb (with ‘no’ in front) to express the meaning ‘don’t …at all, anything, nothing’ No me gusta nada el tenis. I don’t like tennis at all. No sé nada del fútbol. I don’t know anything about football. 3. Put ‘nunca’ after the verb (with ‘no’ in front) to express the meaning ‘never’ No desayuno nunca. I never have breakfast. 4. Put ‘nadie’ after the verb (with ‘no’ in front) to express the meaning ‘no-one or not anyone’ No conozco a nadie. I don’t know anyone/I know nobody. . NB: You can also put the negative expression before the verb for emphasis - in this case don’t use the ‘no’. For example: Nunca bebo té. – I never drink tea. Nadie me habla – Nobody talks to me 25

¿Qué haces para estar en forma? Me gusta mucho hacer deporte. Hago artes marciales. Hago atletismo. Hago footing. Hago gimnasia. Hago natación. Juego al baloncesto. Juego al ping-pong. Juego al tenis. Juego al voleibol. Juego a la pelota vasca. What do you do to keep fit? I really like doing sport. I do martial arts. I do athletics. I go jogging. I do gymnastics. I go swimming. I play basketball. I play table tennis. I play volleyball. I play pelota (Basque ball game). …en el parque / gimnasio …in the park / gym Voy al polideportivo. I go to the sports centre. Soy miembro de un club. I belong to a club. Voy a clases de baile. I go to dance classes. Prefiero jugar al fútbol. I prefer playing football. Es mi deporte preferido. It is my favourite sport. Empecé (a jugar) I started (playing)… a los (diez) años at the age of (ten) Voy a empezar a I am going to start (hacer)… (doing)… 26

Radical-changing verbs These verbs change their vowel in the root or stem of the verb, except in the nosotros and vosotros parts of the verb. These verbs are also called ‘boot’ verbs - you can see why below! pienso pensamos piensas pensáis piensan There are 3 types of change: e ie e i o ue Radical-changing verbs e ie e i o ue preferir – to prefer decir – to say dormir – to sleep prefiero digo (also irregular) duermo prefieres dices duermes prefiere dice duerme preferimos decimos dormimos preferís decís dormís prefieren dicen duermen also: pensar (to think), cerrar (to close) despertarse (to wake up) encender (to switch on) empezar (to begin) entender (to understand) comenzar (to begin) divertirse (to enjoy oneself) querer (to want) also: pedir (to ask for), acostarse (to go to bed) contar (to tell) repetir (to repeat) costar (to cost) seguir (to follow) encontrar (to find) vestirse (to get dressed) mostrar (to show) jugar (to play) morir (to die) poder (to be able to) recordar (to remember) soler (to usually do) volver (to return) 27

¿Cuál es tu rutina diaria? me despierto (muy temprano / a las siete) me levanto (enseguida) me lavo los dientes me ducho me visto me acuesto desayuno meriendo ceno (…) salgo (a correr) corro (veinte kilómetros) entreno voy al insti / trabajo termino (a las dos) duermo (ocho horas) What is your daily routine? I wake up (very early / at 7 o’clock) I get up (straight away) I brush my teeth I shower I get dressed I go to bed I have breakfast I have an afternoon snack I have (… for) dinner I go out (running) I run (twenty kilometres) I exercise / train I go to school / work I finish (at two o’clock) I sleep (for eight hours) (AR) ducharse yo (I) me ducho tú (you, 1 pers fam) te duchas él/ella (he, she) se ducha Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) se ducha nosotros (we) nos duchamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) os ducháis ellos/ellas (they) se duchan Ustedes (you, pl, formal) se duchan Reflexive verbs include a reflexive pronoun because they are usually actions you do to yourself. 28

¿Qué tal estás? ¿Qué te duele? ¿Te duele el estómago? Me duele el brazo / el estómago / el pie. Me duele la cabeza / la espalda / la garganta. Me duele la mano / la pierna. Me duelen los dientes. Me duelen los oídos. Me duelen los ojos. Estoy cansado/a. Estoy enfermo/a. Estoy resfriado How are you? What hurts? Does your stomach hurt? My arm / stomach / foot hurts. My head / back / throat hurts. My hand / leg hurts. My teeth hurt. My eyes hurt. I’m tired. I’m ill. I have a cold Estoy constipado I have a cold Estoy mareado I feel dizzy No me encuentro bien. I don’t feel well. My ears hurt / I have earache. ESTAR – to be yo (I) estoy tú (you, 1 pers fam) estás él/ella (he, she) está Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) está nosotros (we) estamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) estáis ellos/ellas (they) están Ustedes (you, pl, formal) están ESTAR is for locations and temporary conditions e. g. mood, state of health, weather, location and position, states that might change 29

Expresiones con TENER (to have) Tengo catarro. I have a cold. Tengo fiebre I have a temperature. Tengo gripe. I have flu Tengo náuseas. I feel sick / nauseous. Tengo quemaduras del sol. I have sunburn. Tengo tos. I have a cough. Tengouna ampolla I have a blister. Tengo una picadura. I have a bite. Tengo calor. I feel hot. Tengo frío. I feel cold. Tengo sueño I’m tired Tengo hambre. I am hungry. Tengo sed. Tengo miedo. I am thirsty. I’m scared. TENER – to have yo (I) tengo tú (you, 1 pers fam) tienes él/ella (he, she) tiene Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) tiene nosotros (we) tenemos vosotros (you, pl, fam) tenéis ellos/ellas (they) tienen Ustedes (you, pl, formal) tienen 30

las partes del cuerpo Parts of the body la cabeza head los ojos eyes las orejas / Los oídos ears (outer) / ears (inner) la nariz nose la boca mouth las mejillas cheeks los dientes teeth las muelas teeth el cuello neck la garganta throat los hombros shoulders el pecho chest el estómago stomach las caderas hips la espalda back los brazos arms el codo elbow la muñeca wrist el dedo finger el pulgar thumb las piernas legs la rodilla knee el tobillo ankle los pies feet 31

Consejos para estar en Advice for keeping fit forma Para estar en forma… To keep fit / in shape… Se debe… beber agua frecuentemente comer más fruta y verduras comer menos chocolate / caramelos dormir ocho horas al día entrenar una hora al día You / One must… drink water frequently eat more fruit and vegetables eat less chocolate / fewer sweets sleep for eight hours a day train for one hour a day No se debe… beber alcohol beber muchos refrescos comer comida basura fumar Soy adicto/a al / a la / a los / a las… A partir de ahora, voy a… You / One must not… drink alcohol drink lots of soft drinks eat junk food smoke I am addicted to… From now on, I am going to… Se debe means ‘you / one must’. It is followed by the infinitive. Se debe comer más fruta y verduras. No se debe fumar. 32

Las nacionalidades Soy… boliviano/a colombiano/a mexicano/a norteamericano/a inglés/inglesa español(a) paquistaní Adjectives of nationality start with a small letter in Spanish. Most change their ending to agree with the person or noun they describe, including those ending in –s or another consonant. Nationalities I am… Bolivian Colombian Mexican North American English Spanish Pakistani ending: m -o colombiana -és inglesa other consonants española -e / -ú / -í pakistaní f pakistaní It is important to talk about other people in your writing and speaking. Use the 3 rd person as shown: infinitive 3 rd person he / she / it 3 rd person pl. they -AR verbs trabajar trabajan -ER verbs comer comen -IR verbs vivir viven irregular verbs hacer ir ser tener hace va es tiene hacen van son tienen 33

Mis derechos Tengo derecho… al amor y a la familia al juego a la educación a la libertad de expresión a un medio ambiente sano a vivir en armonía No puedo… dar mi opinión jugar con mis hermanos My rights I have the right… to love and to family to play to education to freedom of expression to a healthy environment to live in harmony I cannot… give my opinion play with my brothers and sisters salir solo/a go out alone dormir sleep ir al insti(tuto) go to school respirar breathe porque… because… soy chico/a I am a boy/girl tengo que ganar dinero I have to earn money hay mucha violencia there is a lot of violence en mi ciudad in my city mi padre grita mucho my dad shouts a lot tengo que trabajar I have to work el aire está contaminado the air is polluted No es justo porque… It isn’t fair because… Es inaceptable porque… It is unacceptable because… 34

QUERER (to want) and PODER (to be able to) are stemchanging or ‘boot’ verbs. You often use them followed by an infinitive. E. g. Quiero ir al cine pero no puedo salir hoy. I want to go to the cinema but I can’t go out today. QUERER (to want) quiero I want queremos we want quieres you want queréis you want quieren they want he/she wants PODER (to be able to) puedo I can podemos we can puedes you can podéis you can pueden they can he/she can 35

¿Cómo vas al instituto? How do you get to school? ¿A qué hora llegas al instituto? What time do you get to school Llego pronto / a tiempo / tarde I arrive early /on time / late Voy … I go …. a pie on foot a caballo on horseback en autobús by bus en metro by underground en coche by car en bici by bike en moto by motorbike en tren by train en barco by boat ¿Por qué? Why? Porque es… Because it is… más rápido que ir a pie quicker than walking más verde que ir en autobús greener than going by bus más barato que ir en taxi cheaper than going by taxi más práctico que ir en coche more practical than going by car más seguro que nadir safer than swimming la única opción the only option 36

El comercio justo Tiene (diez) años. Vive / Viven… con su familia en una plantación Trabaja / Trabajan… (catorce) horas al día (seis) días a la semana para un patrón para una cooperativa Gana / Ganan (treinta) euros al mes. Fair trade He/She is (ten) years old. He/She lives / They live… with his/her family on a plantation He/She works / They work… (fourteen) hours a day (six) days a week for an employer for a cooperative He/She earns / They earn (thirty) euros a month. Palabras muy frecuentes mi/mis su/sus nuestro/a/os/as más… (que) menos… (que) para hay había a partir de ahora además High-frequency words my his/her our more… (than) less… (than) in order to / for there is/are there was / were / used to be from now on in addition, what’s more 37

¡Reciclamos! ¿Qué se debería hacer para proteger el medio ambiente? Para proteger el medio ambiente, Se debería… ahorrar energía en casa apagar la luz cerrar el grifo conservar el agua desenchufar los aparatos eléctricos ducharse en vez de bañarse ir en bici(cleta) reciclar el papel / el plástico / el vidrio usar transporte público No se debería… malgastar el agua tirar la basura al suelo usar bolsas de plástico Let’s recycle! What should you/we do to protect the environment? In order to protect the environment, You/We should… save energy at home turn off the light turn off the tap save water unplug electrical devices have a shower instead of a bath go by bike recycle paper / plastic / glass use public transport You/We shouldn’t… waste water throw rubbish on the ground use plastic bags Se debería + infinitive means ‘you/we should’. It is the conditional form of se debe. Se debería ahorrar energía. You/we should save energy. No se debería tirar basura al suelo. You/we shouldn’t throw rubbish on the ground. 38

Mi ciudad ¿Cómo era tu ciudad antes? Antes… era (bastante) aburrida era (muy) peligrosa estaba sucia había mucha basura había mucha contaminación había mucha violencia no había medios de transporte público no había nada para los jóvenes ¿Cómo es ahora? Ahora… está limpia hay menos basura hay menos contaminación hay parques y espacios públicos muy bonitos hay una red de transporte muy buena hay muchas cosas para los jóvenes no tiene barrios peligrosos My town / city What was your town / city like before? Before… it used to be (quite) boring it used to be (very) dangerous it used to be dirty there used to be a lot of rubbish there used to be a lot of pollution there used to be a lot of violence there didn’t use to be means of public transport there didn’t use to be anything for young people What is it like now? Now… it is clean there is less rubbish there is less pollution there are very nice parks and public spaces there is a very good transport network there are lots of things for young people it doesn’t have dangerous neighbourhoods The imperfect tense describes what something used to be like. hay (there is / are) había (there used to be) tiene (it has) tenía (it used to have) está (it is) estaba (it used to be) es (it is) era (it used to be) 39

The imperfect tense The imperfect is also used to describe things we did regularly in the past and where we do not know the beginning and end of the action. It sets the scene in a narrative, describing places, objects, people, time and the weather in the past. The imperfect is formed by removing the infinitive endings (-AR, -ER, -IR) and adding the following endings: { ER & IR have the same endings! Regular imperfect tense endings (AR) comprar– to buy (ER) comer – to eat (IR) vivir – to live yo (I) compraba comía vivía tú (you, 1 pers fam) comprabas comías vivías él/ella (he, she) compraba comía vivía Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) compraba comía vivía comprábamos comíamos vivíamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) comprábais comíais vivíais ellos/ellas (they) compraban comían vivían Ustedes (you, pl, formal) compraban comían vivían nosotros (we) Most verbs are regular (SER and IR are not). Here are the most common verbs to use in the imperfect tense. SER – to be (irregular) IR – to go (Irregular) HACER – to do/make (reg) ESTAR – to be (reg) yo (I) era iba hacía estaba tú (you, 1 pers fam) eras ibas hacías estabas él/ella (he, she) era iba hacía estaba Usted (you, 1 pers, formal) era iba hacía estaba eramos íbamos hacíamos estábamos vosotros (you, pl, fam) eráis íbais hacíais estabais ellos/ellas (they) eran iban hacían estaban Ustedes (you, pl, formal) eran iban hacían estaban nosotros (we) HABER – there is/are había 40

Números cardinales y ordinales 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 un(o) / una dos tres cuatro cinco seis siete ocho nueve diez once doce trece catorce quince dieciséis diecisiete dieciocho diecinueve veintiuno veintidós veintitrés veinticuatro veinticinco veintiséis veintisiete veintiocho veintinueve treinta y uno 10 diez 100 cien 20 veinte 200 doscientos 30 treinta 300 trescientos 40 cuaranta 400 cuatrocientos 50 cincuenta 500 quinientos 60 sesenta 600 seiscientos 70 setenta 700 setecientos 80 ochenta 800 ochocientos 90 noventa 900 novecientos 1000 - mil 1458 mil cuatrocientos cincuenta y ocho 2000 dos mil 1, 000 un millón 2, 000 dos millones primero first segundo second tercero third cuarto fourth quinto fifth sexto sixth séptimo seventh octavo eigth noveno nineth décimo tenth 41

KS 3 Speaking Step Levels Step 2 Understand respond with some hesitation, sometimes with individual word answers. Teacher prompting needed Step 3 Answer most questions, although 2 -3 may be phrases rather than sentences with a verb. Some hesitation when answering Step 4 All questions answered with secure Present Tense verbs Some answers contain links and or qualifiers Adapting simple phrases for a new purpose Step 5 Secure use of present tense, 3 rd person verbs Unprepared questions responded to but with significant difficulty Opinions expressed Step 6 Step 7 the more common verbs used in two frames, at least one example of each. Opinions and reasons expressed. Refers to other people (3 rd person verbs in at least one tense) Unprepared questions responded to but with partial success Can use two time frames accurately and independently (at least 3 -4 examples of each including different persons of the verb). Possibly uses or attempts a third time frame but may not be formed correctly. Unprepared questions responded to accurately Some own language researched and applied with some accuracy Step 8 Three time frames used well, with three-four different verbs in each, and references to other people in all three Vocabulary is varied. Unprepared questions confidently responded to and developed. Step 9 a range of different verbs across three time frames, some which go beyond the lesson material covered. (5+ examples in each time frame). Unprepared questions confidently responded to and developed (3+ sentences) Step 10 As for S 9, including some more unusual verbs across three time frames. Use of different persons of verbs confidently in three time frames Unprepared questions confidently responded to and developed. (5+ sentences) 42

KS 3 Writing Step Levels Step 2 Spelling mistakes may be frequent Can write simple words and several short phrases Step 3 Can write short simple sentences (sometimes the verb may be missing or incorrect) understandable spelling. Step 4 write a short, simple text – some bullets covered using simple sentences Most key verbs are accurate May occasionally include simple connectives (and, also, but) Mainly uses language taught this term A few spelling mistakes Step 5 Can write a paragraph made up of short sentences – all bullet points covered Taught structures are used accurately Wider range of verbs used than in Step 4 and errors do not impede communication; (possibly) including other forms of the verb (e. g. 3 rd person) Give and explain more than one opinion Spelling may have some inaccuracy. Step 6 Can write short paragraphs, linking ideas together Good accuracy in spelling and key grammar – a few minor errors Accurate use of present tense: Refers to other people (3 rd person verbs) More common verbs used in two time frames May include non-taught language from own research (e. g. from the vocab book) that may not necessarily be 100% accurate Step 7 Sentences and paragraphs follow on logically with appropriate links Several extended sentences, including secure use of some subordination Can use two time frames accurately and independently (at least 3 -4 examples of each including different persons of the verb). Possibly uses or attempts a third time frame but may not be formed correctly. Consistent and accurate use of articles Some own language researched and applied with some accuracy Step 8 Several linked paragraphs Three time frames formed successfully, with three-four different verbs in each, and references to other people in all three Manipulation of structures, including new elements and own researched language. Step 9 Use of more complex structures, despite some errors Accuracy may vary when more ambitious structures are attempted Step 10 Use of more unusual verbs and other vocabulary Awareness of idiom Writing is fully coherent and interesting to read 43

Websites www. vocabexpress. com You have a personal username and password for this site. https: //www. pearsonactivelearn. com/ You have a personal username and password for this site. www. quizlet. com Quizlet is a free online flashcard site. You can sign up for an account and make and save your own flashcards very simply and easily. http: //www. languagesonline. org. uk/Hotp otatoes/Index. htm This site is called Languages Online – it has lots of language learning activities for Spanish, French, German & Italian. It is free. http: //www. linguascope. com You have a school username and password for this site. http: //oye. languageskills. co. uk/index. html http: //www. education. vic. gov. au/languag esonline/spanish. htm This site is free after 4 p. m. every day. This is an excellent site for you to revise the basics (especially if you are new to Spanish this year). http: //www. bbc. co. uk/languages/spanis h/ The BBC website has a lot to offer. http: //www. spanishlistening. org/ This site is excellent for listening practice. It has the transcripts, too and is free. http: //www. digitaldialects. com/Spanish. htm Click on Spanish (there are lots of other languages too) and follow the links to different activities. 44