Esmeraldas Ecuador Los Mulatos de Esmeraldas 1599 by

Esmeraldas, Ecuador “Los Mulatos de Esmeraldas” 1599, by Andrés Sánchez Gallque Shipwreck or rebellion: 1553 Petition to King: 1586

Quilombo Buraco do Tatú, 1763, Bahia, Brazil

Drawn of Quilombo Buraco do Tatú, 1763, Bahia, Brazil

Extract of the report of Colonel Gonçalvez de Brito on the defeat of the Quilombo “Buraco de Tatu, ” Bahia, Brazil, 1764 “Of all the precautions which the government was obliged to take, the most essential was to ask people experienced with those forests to give information about the traps and pitfalls which they [the runaways] had prepared there, in order that the quilombo could be reached without great loss of life. Guides were found who were willing to join the expedition, which was sent out with Indian soldiers taking part. ”

Quilombo of Palmares, th 17 Century

Sugar and Coffee plantations, Eastern Cuba, mid 19 th century

Places of origin and destination of Runaway Slaves, Eastern Cuba, Mid 19 th Century

Palenques in Eastern Cuban, Mid 19 th Century

Palenques of El Frijol, near town of Baracoa, Eastern Cuba, mid 19 th Century A: Peak of Mountain Galan, palenque Vereda de San Juan B: Palenque Guardamujeres C: Peak of Mountain Guardamujeres D: Valley and Palenque Todos Tenemos E: Peak of Monte Lazos F: Valley of Creek Malnombre

System of Palenques in El Frijol, Eastern Cuba, mid 19 th Century

Image of layers of huts in Palenque Calunga, Eastern Cuba, Mid 19 th C

Archaeology in Palenque Todos Tenemos

Image of layers in Palenque Todos Tenemos

Era of Slave Rebellions in the Americas, 1790 s -1830 s • European expansion and war in the Americas led to expansion of the slave trade and slavery • Struggles among elites in the Americas and Europe brought about opportunities to slaves to rebel • Slave rebellions in the late 18 th century entangled with the struggles of local elites and European war. • Wind of change regarding slavery in the late th

Saint Domingue = Haiti

Revolt Spreads: 1789 – 1832 • L’Ouverture and Dessalines became international inspiration to potential revolutionaries • 20+ slave revolts in the Greater Caribbean • Europeans claimed that slaves were “infected” by revolutionary ideas

Portraits of Haitian leaders circulating in Spanish America, early 19 th Century

Leaders of the Aponte Rebellion, Havana, Cuba, 1812 • José Antonio Aponte, Captain of Black Militia of Havana • Jean Barbier, free African, Saint Domingue, spoke French • Tiburcio Peñalber, slave coachman, wagon driver • Clemente Chacón, owner of a tavern, black militiaman • Salvador Ternero, chief of the Mina-Gagni (Africanbased society), militiaman • Estanislao Aguilar, free artisan of mixed ancestry, forged written passes for communication

Brazil by 1835. Malê Slave Rebellion • Salvador, Bahia

Salvador (Brazil) by 1860. Much the same as in 1835, during the rebellion

Salvador´s City Hall and Jail: Attacked by the rebels to get firearms and liberate slaves

Agua dos Meninos, Bahia, Final battle of the Slave Rebellion of 1835

Malê spiritual arsenal: Koranic verses used as amulets