ERT 433 HALAL PROCESSING Mdm Rohazita Bahari School
ERT 433 HALAL PROCESSING Mdm Rohazita Bahari School of Bioprocess Engineering, Uni. MAP Semester 2, 2019/2020
COMPARISON OF KOSHER, HALAL, AND VEGETARIAN Permitted Food of the Jews = Kosher Halal vs. Vegetarian Ahlul Kitab
Ahlul Kitab = Jews & Christian (Disbelievers) “ O People of the Scripture, why do you disbelieve in the verses of Allah while you witness [to their truth]? Āli ‘Imrān, 70 ≈ Believers & see Āli ‘Imrān, 99 Āli ‘Imrān, 199 & see Āli ‘Imrān, 113 -115 And indeed, among the People of the Scripture are those who believe in Allah and what was revealed to you and what was revealed to them, [being] humbly submissive to Allah. They do not exchange the verses of Allah for a small price. Those will have their reward with their Lord. Indeed, Allah is swift in account. Who is Ahlul Kitab (People of the Book/Scripture)? 3
COMPARISON OF KOSHER, HALAL, AND VEGETARIAN Fatwa & Opinions regarding Kosher in Islam (Animal killed by Ahlul Kitab)
COMPARISON OF KOSHER, HALAL, AND VEGETARIAN Fatwa & Opinions regarding Kosher in Islam (Animal killed by Ahlul Kitab) Al-Māidah, 5 This day [all] good foods have been made lawful, and the food of those who were given the Scripture is lawful for you and your food is lawful for them.
Fatwa & Opinions regarding Kosher in Islam (Animal killed by Ahlul Kitab) o However, some Islamic scholars such as Al-Qaradawi (1984) are of Ø The majority of Islamic scholars are of the opinion that the food of the Ahlul Kitab must meet the criteria established for halal and wholesome food, including proper slaughtering of animals. Ø They believe that the following verse from the Quran establishes a strict requirement for Muslims. the opinion that this verse does not apply to the food of Ahlul Kitab. o They opine that meat of halal animals sold in Western countries is acceptable for Muslims. o They contend that God’s name may be pronounced at the time of eating rather than at the time of slaughtering of an animal. o Halal-food regulatory agencies, halal certifiers, or individual Muslim consumers can accept or reject products based on this reasoning. o For Muslims who want to follow this verse, none of the food of the And do not eat of that upon which the name of Allah has not been mentioned, for indeed, it is grave disobedience. Al-An’ām, 121 Ahlul Kitab meets the Islamic standard, except vegetable items and fish if not prepared with alcohol or contaminated with prohibited ingredients. o Most kosher food processors believe that Muslims accept kosher as meeting halal standards and requirement. Religiously, Muslims do not accept kosher certification as a substitute for halal certification.
COMPARISON OF KOSHER, HALAL, AND VEGETARIAN Fatwa & Opinions regarding Kosher in Islam (Animal killed by Ahlul Kitab) As-Syāfi’e (and majority of scholars): = Permitted when slaughtered by real Ahlul Kitab (believers) (real for ex. , during The time of Prophet Muhammad). Now, is prohibited since there is no more real Ahlul Kitab. Some other opinions including Yusuf Al-Qaradhawi: ≈ Permitted
• These laws determine which foods are fit or proper for consumption by Jewish consumers. • Are Biblical in origin, mainly from the original five books of the Holy Scriptures (the Torah). • Moses received the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai. • Jewish tradition teaches are written down many years later in the Talmud. • This oral law is as much a part of Biblical law as the written text. • Over the years, the meaning of the Biblical kosher laws have been interpreted and extended by rabbis to protect Jewish people from violating any of the fundamental laws and to address new issues and technologies. • The system of Jewish law is referred to as halacha. 8 Kosher Laws
§ Halal dietary laws - foods are lawful or permitted for Muslims, found in the Quran and the books of hadith (the traditions). § Islamic law = Shari’ah § The basic principles of Islamic laws remain definite and unaltered. § However, their interpretation and application might change according to time, place, and circumstances. § Issues - biotechnology, unconventional sources of ingredients, synthetic materials, and innovations in animal slaughter and meat processing. § Although many Muslims purchase kosher food in the U. S. , these foods, do not always meet the needs of Muslim consumers (in terms of various questionable gelatins, and use of alcohol in cooking food and as a carrier for flavors. 9 Halal Laws
KOSHER DIETARY LAWS Prohibition Prohibitio of blood Allowed animals 10 Prohibition of mixing of milk and meat
1) Allowed Animals Kosher Prohibited Ruminants (with split hoofs that chew their cud), traditional domestic birds (chicken, duck, goose etc. ) Pigs, wild birds, sharks, dogfish, catfish, monkfish, and similar species, all crustacean and molluscan shellfish. Fish with fins and removable scales Almost all insects KOSHER DIETARY LAWS 11
2) Prohibition of blood • Ruminants and fowl must be slaughtered by a specially trained religious slaughterman (shochet), using a special knife designed for the purpose (chalef). • The knife must be extremely sharp and have a very straight blade that is at least twice the diameter of the neck of the animal to be slaughtered. • The animal is not stunned prior to slaughter. • With respect to kashrus supervision, slaughtering is the only time a blessing is said, and it is said before commencing slaughter. The slaughterman asks forgiveness for taking a life. The blessing is not said over each animal. • The rules for slaughter are very strict and the shochet checks the chalef before and after the slaughter of each animal. If any problem occurs with the knife, the animal becomes treife (not kosher). 12 KOSHER DIETARY LAWS
2) Prohibition of blood • The shochet also checks the cut on the animal’s neck after each slaughter to make sure it was done correctly. • Slaughtered animals are subsequently inspected for defects by rabbinically trained inspectors – (If found defect, animal is deemed unacceptable. • Meat that meets this stricter standard is referred to as glatt (smooth) kosher, referring to the fact that the animal’s lungs do not have any adhesions (sirkas). The bodek (inspector of internal organs) is trained to look for lung adhesions in the animal both before and after its lungs are removed. • To test a lung, the bodek first removes all sirkas and then blows up the lung by using normal human air pressure. The lung is then put into a water tank and the bodek looks for air bubbles. If the lung is still intact, it is kosher. 13 KOSHER DIETARY LAWS
3) Prohibition of Mixing of Milk and Meat To keep meat and milk separate in accordance with kosher law requires that processing and handling of all materials and products fall into one of three categories: - Meat product Dairy product Pareve (parve, parev), or neutral product The pareve - all products that are not classified as meat or dairy - all plant products are pareve along with eggs, fish, honey, and lac resin (shellac). However, if they are mixed with meat or dairy, they take on the identity of the product they are mixed with; for example, an egg in a cheese soufflé (baked dish) becomes dairy. To ensure the complete separation of milk and meat, all equipment, utensils, pipes, steam, etc. , must be of the properly designated category. If plant materials (e. g. , fruit juices) are run through a dairy plant, they will be considered a dairy product religiously. 14 KOSHER DIETARY LAWS
KOSHER DIETARY LAWS Special foods Passover requirements Equipment Kosherization 15
ü Prohibited animals ü Prohibition of blood ü Method of slaughtering & blessing ü Prohibition of carrion ü Prohibition of intoxicants 16 HALAL DIETARY LAWS
Prohibited & permitted animals Permitted § § § Prohibited Ruminants with split hoof (such as cattle, sheep, goat, and lamb, camels and buffaloes), Birds that do not use their claws to hold down food (chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese, pigeons, doves, partridges, quails, sparrows, emus, and ostriches), The animals fed unclean or filthy feed (feeds formulated with sewage (biosolids) or protein from dead animals) must be quarantined and placed on clean feed for 3 -40 days. 17 § Pigs (boars, swine), § Carnivorous animals (lions, tigers, cheetahs, dogs, and cats), § Birds of prey (eagles, falcons, ospreys, kites, vultures)
Prohibited & permitted animals Permitted § Foods from the sea- fish and seafood: Al-Māidah, 96 Lawful to you is game (hunted animal) from the sea and its food as provision for you and the travelers, Ø All kind of fish are halal (including those with different types and shapes, ex; eels). 18
Prohibited & permitted animals Permitted § Foods from the sea- fish and seafood: Ø Ø Ø Certain groups accept only fish with scales as halal, while others consider everything that lives in water all the time or some of the time, as halal. Consequently, prawns, lobsters, crabs, and clams are halal for most Muslims but may be detested (makrooh) by some and hence not consumed. Fish that dies of itself, if floating on water or if lying out of water, is still halal as long as it does not show any signs of decay or deterioration. 19
Prohibited & permitted animals Permitted Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said: ﺍﻟﻜﺒﺪ ﻭﺍﻟﻄﺤﺎﻝ : ﻭﺍﻟﺪﻣﺎﻥ , ﺍﻟﺤﻮﺕ ﻭﺟﺮﺍﺩ : ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺘﺘﺎﻥ : ﺃﺤﻠﺖ ﻟﻨﺎ ﻣﻴﺘﺘﺎﻥ ﻭﺩﻣﺎﻥ : ﻗﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻨﺒﻲ ﺻﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻩ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺳﻠﻢ Two types of carcass (carrion or dead animals) and two types of blood are lawful to us: Two kinds of carcasses: fish and locusts (grasshopper), and two types of blood: the liver and spleen (Imam Ahmad 5690 / Ibnu Majah 3314) 20
Prohibited & permitted animals Prohibited § The Amphibians ( )ﺍﻟﺒﺮﻣﺎﺋﻲ v Animals living in two natures-water and land (amphibians): Frog, crocodiles, turtles (Prohibited – Haram) “Opinions of the Hanafi and Syafie: It is not permissible to eat it, the two animals of nature living in water and land because of disgust and dirty” 21
Prohibited & permitted animals ﺍﺍ ﺍﻟ ﺍ and makes lawful for them the good things and prohibits for them the evil (bad) Al-A’rāf, 157 22
Prohibited & permitted animals Insects: ü No clear status for insects established in Islam except that locust is specifically mentioned as halal. ü Among the by-products from insects, use of honey was very highly recommended by Prophet Muhammad pbuh. Other products such as royal jelly, wax, shellac, and carmine are acceptable to be used without restrictions by most Muslims. Eggs and milk (from permitted animals): ü Permitted 23
Prohibition of Blood: - Prohibited (for all permitted and non-permitted animals alike). - Liquid blood is generally not offered for sale or consumed even by non-Muslims, but products made with and from blood, such as blood plasma proteins, are available. - There is general agreement among Muslim scholars that anything made from blood of any animal, including fish, is unacceptable. - Products such as blood sausage and ingredients such as blood albumin are either haram or questionable at best, and should be avoided in product formulations. 24
Prohibition of Blood Ø Proper Slaughtering of permitted animals Ø Hunting “Hunting of permitted wild animals (deer and elk, and birds, such as doves, pheasants, and quails) is permitted for the purpose of eating, but not merely for deriving pleasure out of killing an animal”. 25
Prohibition of Blood Hunting - Hunting by any means by tools such as guns, arrows, spears, or trapping is permitted. Trained dogs or birds of prey may also be used for catching or retrieving the hunt as long as the hunting animal does not eat any of the prey. - The name of Allah may be pronounced at the time of ejecting the hunting tool rather than the actual catching of the hunt. The hunted animal has to be bled by slitting the throat as soon as it is caught. - If the blessing is made at the time of pulling the trigger or the shooting of an arrow and the hunted animal dies before the hunter reaches it, it would still be halal as long as slaughter is performed and some blood comes out. - Fish and seafood may be hunted or caught by any reasonable means available as long as it is done humanely. 26
Vegetarianism v Vegetarianism - encompasses a variety of options and choices, based on life styles, philosophies, and religions. v The preferences vary from eating nothing but the parts of plants that be picked without destroying the plant to eating everything except flesh (red meat). v Types of vegetarians from lenient to the most strict: 1 - Pesco vegetarians — eat fish, eggs, and dairy products, but avoid poultry and meat products. 2. Lacto-ovo vegetarians — consume all types of vegetable products, eggs, and milk products, but avoids all forms of slaughtered flesh, including meat, poultry, and fish. People who do not eat eggs but eat dairy products are called lacto-vegetarians, whereas ovovegetarians consume eggs but not dairy products. 3. Vegans — do not eat anything of animal origin - avoids all meats, poultry, and any other animal products and their derivatives, such as gelatin; eggs; milk, cheese, yogurt, and other dairy products; and fish, shellfish, crustaceans, and other marine animal products. Vegans try to avoid honey, royal jelly, and cochineal and other insect-derived products. Vegans do not knowingly consume hidden animal ingredients. 27
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