ERT 4174 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM

ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010) ‘Physical & Chemical Properties of Waste Material’ By; Mrs Hafiza Binti Shukor

Student should be able to; EXPLAIN, DEMONSTRATE, and DISCUSS the physical and chemical properties of waste material ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

WASTE ? "Waste" shall mean any substance or object in that intends or is required to discard. EU Council Directive 75/442/EEC ammended by Council Directive 91/156/EEC art. 1(a). "Wastes" are substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of national law; Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal, article 2 The goal of effective industrial waste treatment is directed towards the removal of all contaminants that adversely impact the water as well as air and land environments. (Nemerow and Agardy, 1998) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

4 CATEGORIES TO DESCRIBE WATER QUALITY; Physical � � � Related to the quality of water for domestic use. Associated with the appearance of water Eg. Color, turbidity, temperature, taste and odor. Chemical � � Sometimes evidenced by their observed reactions (comparative performance of hard & soft waters in laundering) Most often, differences are not visible. Microbiology � � Very important in their relation to public health Significant in modifying the physical and chemical characteristic of water Radiological � Considered in areas where there is a possibility that the water may have come in contact with radioactive substances (Davis and Cornwell, 2008) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS SOLIDS The most important characteristic of wastewater Composed of floating matter, settleable matter, colloidal matter and matter in solution. Solids found in wastewater; ØTotal solids (TS) Mass remain after evaporation at 103 -105 o. C ØTotal Suspended Solid (TSS) Mass remain on whatman filter GF/C after drying at 103 -105 o. C ØVolatile Suspended Solid (VSS) Solids that can be volatilized and burned off when TSS are ignited at 500+50 o. C. ØTotal dissolved solids (TDS) Those solids that pass through the filter and are then evaporated and dried at specified temp. ØSettleable Solids Solid settle at the bottom of an “Inhoff Cone” after 60 mins (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Continue…. TURBIDITY COLOR Measure of the light –transmitting properties of the water due to presence of suspended material such as clay, organic material, plankton & other particulate material. Measured based on comparison of the intensity of light scattered by reference suspension under the same condition. Unit = Turbidity Unit (TU)@ Nephlometric Turbidity Unit (NTU) Clay @ other suspended particle – not adversely affect health but water containing such particles may require treatment. Turbidity excess of 5 TU easily detectable in a glass of water. Refer to degree of absorption of light energy in visible spectrum (400 -700 nm) Causes by ; • dissolved organic material from decaying vegetation & certain inorganic matter. • excessive blooms of algae or growth of aquatic microorganisms. But its presence is aesthetically objectionable & needs appropriate treatment. (Davis and Cornwell, 2008) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Continue…. TASTE & ODOR TEMP. Cause by foreign matter (organic compound, inorganic salts @ dissolved gases. Comes from domestic, agricultural @ natural sources. At point of use, drinking water should be free from any objectionable taste @ odor. Most desirable drinking waters are consistently cool & do not have fluctuations of more than a few degrees. Groundwater & surface water usually meet these criteria. (Davis and Cornwell, 2008) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Example 1; Analysis of Solids Data…. Determine the concentration of total solids(TS), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and volatile suspended solids (VSS) in 50 m. L of wastewater based on data given; Mass of dry dish = 53. 5433 g Mass of dry dish + residue after drying at 105 o. C = 53. 5794 g Mass of dry dish + residue after ignition at 550 o. C = 53. 5625 g Mass of Whatman GF/C filter = 1. 5433 g Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after drying at 105 o. C = 1. 5554 g Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after ignition at 550 o. C = 1. 5476 g Ans : Total solids(TS) = 722 mg/L Total dissolved solids (TDS) = 480 mg/L Total suspended solids (TSS) = 242 mg/L Volatile suspended solids (VSS) = 156 mg/L ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS CHLORIDE FLUORIDE Most of water contain. Amount presence causes by ; -Leaching of marine sedimentary deposits -Pollution from sea water @ brine @ industrial @ domestic waste. Chloride conc. > 250 mg/L – noticeable taste Domestic water should contain < 100 mg/L chloride. Some areas – water source contain natural fluoride. Excessive fluoride in drinking water – produce fluorosis (mottling) of teeth. Mottled – black sports @ streaks and may become brittle when exposed to large amounts of fluoride. Acceptable level for fluoride conc. between 0. 8 – 1. 3 mg/L (Davis and Cornwell, 2008) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Continue…. TOXIC INORGANIC SUBSTANCES Major clases ; a) Nitrates (NO 3) b) Cyanides (CN) c) Heavy metals constituents; – arsenics (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), selenium (Se), and silver (Ag) - effects – cause poisons ( As and Cr 6+) - chronic disease (Pb, Cd, and Hg) (Davis and Cornwell, 2008) TOXIC ORGANIC SUBSTANCES There are over 120 toxic organic compounds listed on U. S. Environmental Protection Agency’s Priority Pollutant List. Eg; pesticide, insecticides and solvents. Effects may be acute @chronic. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Continue…. MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC SUBSTANCES The analysis used to measure aggregate organic material may be divided into 2; ØTo measure gross conc. of organic substance greater than 1. 0 mg/L ØTo measure trace conc. in the range of 10 -12 to 100 mg/L Laboratory methods commonly used today to measure gross amounts of organic matter (typically greater than 1 mg/L) in wastewater include; ØBiochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ØChemical oxygen demand (COD) ØTotal organic carbon (TOD) Complementing of these laboratory tests is theoretical oxygen demand (Th. OD), which is determined from the chemical formula of the organic matter. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Continue…. Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD) The most widely used parameter of organic pollution 5 -day BOD – involved the measurement of the dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of organic matter. BOD test results are used to; ØDetermine the appropriate quantity of oxygen that will be required to biologically stabilize the organic matter present. ØMeasure the efficiency of some treatment process ØDetermine the size of waste treatment facilities. ØDetermine compliance with wastewater discharge permits. BOD at 20 o. C for 5 days is used as standard test (measure after 5 days in incubation at 20 o. C). Use bacteria to oxidize biodegradable organic in wastewater sample after incubation. BOD can be calculates by measuring DO before & after incubation. (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Continue…. BOD can be calculated by; v when the dilution water is not seeded; BOD (mg/L) = D 1 – D 2 P v when the dilution water is seeded; BOD (mg/L) = (D 1 -D 2)- (B 1 – B 2) f P where, f = % seed in D 1 % seed in B 1 D 1 = dissolved oxygen of diluted sample after preparation (mg/L) D 2 =dissolved oxygen of diluted sample after 5 days @ 20 o. C(mg/L) P = volumetric fraction of sample used to total volume B 1 = dissolved oxygen of seed control before incubation (mg/L) B 2 = dissolved oxygen of seed control after incubation (mg/L) f = ratio of sample to seed in control Seeded is done if the WW is known to contain insufficient numb of microorganism for degradation of WW. Use suitable bacteria culture with the WW system CONTROL is used to eliminate effects by the presence of impurities in dilution water to the BOD value (need to aerated atleast 2 hr) (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Continue…. REACTION KINETICS OF BOD…. Is assumed to obey first-order kinetics. integration Where, Lt = amount of 1 st order BOD in WW at time t (mg/L) k = reaction rate constant L @ BODL = total @ ultimate carbonaceous BOD (mg/L) Typical value of k for untreated wastewater (base e) is about 0. 23 d-1. 1 st order reaction rate constant will be expressed in log (base 10) units. The relationship between k (base e) and K (base 10)is as follows; (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Continue…. REACTION KINETICS OF BOD…. k at temperature (T) other than 20 o. C, (T = 20 to 30 o. C) (T = 4 to 20 o. C) Amount BOD at time t, Amount BOD exerted after 5 days (BOD 5), (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Example 2; Calculation of BOD (a) The following information is available for a seeded 5 -day BOD test conducted on a wastewater sample. 15 m. L of the waste sample was added directly into 300 m. L incubation bottle. The initial DO of the diluted sample was 8. 8 mg/L and the final DO after 5 days was 1. 9 mg/L. The corresponding initial and final DO of the seeded dilution water was 9. 1 and 7. 9 respectively. What is the 5 -day BOD (BOD 5) of the wastewater sample? Ans : 115. 2 mg/L ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Example 3; Calculation of BOD (b) Determine the 1 -day BOD and ultimate first-stage BOD for a wastewater whose 5 -day 20 o. C BOD is 200 mg/L. The reaction constant k (base e)=0. 23 d-1. What would have been the 5 -day BOD if the test had been conducted at 25 o. C? Ans : Lt = 293 mg/L, BOD 1=60. 1 mg/L BOD 5=224 mg/L Example 4; Calculation of BOD (c) If BOD 3 for wastewater sample is 75 mg/L and the BOD decay rate constant is k=0. 345 day-1, determine the ultimate BOD value. Ans : L = 116 mg/L, ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Example 5; Calculation of BOD (d) A stream of wastewater is discharged into a river at 28 o. C. What is the fraction of Maximum oxygen usage in 4 days if the BOD rate constant, k which is determined under standard conditions is 0. 115 day-1 (assume 0 = 1. 135) Ans : K 28= 0. 317 day-1, BOD 4/L=0. 72 ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) To measure degree of oxidation/ degradation of organics using strong chemical agent (dichromate in an acid solution). Measure difference of amount of K 2 Cr 2 O 7 before and after heating using ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) as a reducing agent. (+6) (+3) Use for WW containing toxic substance to microorganism. Higher than BOD Ration BOD/COD varies (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Differences Between Biochemical Oxygen Demand Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD) BOD COD Measures biodegradable organics Measures biodegradable and non biodegradable organics Uses oxidizing microorganism Uses a strong chemical agent Affected by toxic substance Not affected Affected by temperature Not affected 5 days incubation 2 hrs Accuracy + 10% Accuracy + 2% (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Total Organic Carbon(TOC) To determine total organic carbon in an aqueous sample. The test methods for TOC utilize heat & oxygen, ultraviolet radiation, chemical oxidants, or some combination of these methods to convert organic carbon to carbon dioxide which is measured with an infrared analyzer or by other means. TOC can be used as a measure of its pollution characteristics and in some cases, it has been possible to relate TOC to BOD and COD values. Theoretical Oxygen Demand (Th. OD) Determined based on ‘chemical formula’ of specific organic substances. Consider ‘biochemical & nitrogenous oxygen’ demand (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Example 6; Determination of BOD/COD, BOD/TOC, and TOC/COD Ratios Determine theoretical BOD/COD, BOD/TOC, and TOC/COD ratios for The following compound C 5 H 7 NO 2. Assume the value of the BOD first-order Reaction rate constant is 0. 23/d (base e) (0. 10/d base 10) Ans : BOD/COD = 0. 68 BOD/TOC = 1. 82 TOC/COD = 0. 37 ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

Example 7; Calculation of Th. OD Determine the Th. OD for glycine (CH 2(NH 2)COOH) using the following assumption; a)If the 1 st step, the organic carbon & nitrogen are converted to carbon dioxide (CO 2) and ammonia (NH 3), respectively b)In the 2 nd and 3 rd steps, the ammonia is oxidized sequentially to nitrite and nitrate. c)The Th. OD is the sum of the oxygen required for all three steps. Ans : Th. OD= 112 g O 2/mol glycine. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

MICROBIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS DISEASE PRODUCING ORGANISMS (pathogens) Water for drinking & cooking purposes must be made FREE from disease-producing organisms (pathogens) Disease-producing organisms (pathogens) – viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths (worms). Some organism can cause disease in people oroginate with the fecal discharge of infected individuals @ animals. Specific disease-producing organism presence in water are not easily identify. The techniques for comprehensive bacteriological examination are COMPLEX and TIME CONSUMING. Eg ; Total Coliform Test (Davis and Cornwell, 2008) ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

RADIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS Cause by; The development and use of atomic energy as a power source The mining of radioactive materials Naturally occur It is necessary to establish limiting concentrations for the intake into the body. The effect of human exposure to radiation @ radioactive materials are HARMFUL and any unnecessary exposure should be avoided. The amount of radiation to which the individual is normally exposed varies with the amount of background radioactivity. Water with high radioactivity is not normal ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDWATER & SURFACE WATER Table 1. 0 General characteristics of groundwater and surface water GROUND SURFACE Constant composition High mineralization Little Turbidity Low @ no color Bacteriologically safe No dissolved oxygen High hardness H 2 S, Fe, Mn Varying composition Low mineralization High Turbidity Color Microorganisms Present Dissolved oxygen Low hardness Tastes and odors Possible chemical toxicity Adapted from Davis and Cornwell, 2008 ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

SURFACE WATER v. Usually rainwater that collects in surface water bodies, like oceans, lakes, or streams. v. Another source groundwater that comes out of the ground from springs. v. Become polluted when contaminants come into direct contact and either dissolve or physically mix with the water. GROUNDWATER v. Water underneath the ground. v Comes from rain water or water from surface water like lakes or streams that soaks into the soil. v. The water is stored underground in the tiny spaces between rocks and soil grains and can move around within the soil. v. Groundwater contamination occurs when the water comes into contact with contaminants. ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

CHARACTERISTICS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER q Industrial process generate a wide variety of wastewater pollutant. q The characteristics and level of pollutants very significantly from industry to industry Table 1. 1 Example of industrial wastewater concentration for BOD 5 and suspended solids (Davis and Cornwell, 2008) Industry Ammunition Fermentation Slaughterhouse (cattle) Pulp and paper (kraft) Tannery BOD 5, mg/L Suspended Solid, mg/L 50 -300 4, 500 400 -2, 500 70 -1, 700 10, 000 400 -1, 000 100 -350 75 -300 700 -7, 000 4, 000 -20, 000 ERT 417/4 WASTE TREATMENT IN BIOPROCESS INDUSTRY SEM 1 (2009/2010)

THE END…… Thank You