ERROR IDENTIFICATION Made by Le Thuy Duong Nguyen
ERROR IDENTIFICATION Made by Le Thuy Duong. Nguyen Khuyen upper secondary school 1
CẤU TRÚC ĐỒNG DẠNG 1. Khi tìm lỗi sai, hãy để ý đến cấu trúc trước và sau các từ nối. Phần trước và sau các từ nối phải có cùng cấu trúc. Ex: We admire Lucy for her intelligence , cheerful A B disposition and she is honest. C D (Câu 48, đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH-CĐ, khối D, 2007) Đáp án đúng: D -> honesty 2
Lỗi sai thường gặp ở các cấu trúc đồng dạng sau: a. ở chuỗi A, B and/ but/ or C: and Cùng cấu trúc but Cùng cấu trúc or Ex: Polar winters are length, dark, and cold enough to A B C kill most plants. D Đáp án đúng: B -> long 3
b. Liên từ theo cặp như: either. . . or, neither. . . nor, not only. . . but also, both. . . and. . Both Either Neither Not only cùng cấu trúc and or nor but also cùng cấu trúc 4
Ex 1: The movie was neither amusing nor it was interesting. A B C D Đáp án đúng là D -> interesting Ex 2: She would neither to see a movie or to go bowling. A B C D Đáp án đúng là C -> nor 5
c. So sánh: Cùng cấu trúc more. . than -er. . . than less. . . than as. . . as the same. . . as similar. . . to cùng cấu trúc Ex: Dining in a restaurant is more fun than to eat at home. A B C D Đáp án đúng là D -> eating 6
PRACTICE: 1. What you (A) do has (B) more effect (C) than what to say. (D) 2. The examination will test (A) your ability (B) to understand spoken English, to read non-technical language, and writing (C) correctly. (D) 3. For more than (A) 450 years, Mexico City has been the economic, culture, (B) and political center of the (C) Mexican people. (D) 4. Industrial (A) lasers are most often (B) used for (C) cutting, welding, drilling and measure. (D) 5. Milk, often considered a nearly perfect (A) food, contains (B) fat, (C) sweet, (D) and protein. 7
6. The tongue is the principal (A) organ of taste, (B) and is (C) crucial for chewing, swallowed, (D) and speaking. 7. Many museum exhibits (A) encourage you to investigate further (B) through (C) microscopes, magnifiers, and even telescoping. (D) 8. There are (A) papers to file, reports to type, (B) and (C) lettters should be answered. (D) 9. Manufacturers may use (A) food addictive for (B) preserving, to color, or to flavor, (C) or to fortify foods. (D) 8
ĐỘNG TỪ Lỗi sai liên quan đến động từ bao gồm các lỗi sai phổ biến sau: 1. Sự hoà hợp giữa chủ ngữ và động từ: Chủ ngữ số nhiều thì động từ chia phải ở dạng số nhiều. Chủ ngữ số ít thì động từ chia phải ở dạng số ít. Ex 1: Today, (A) the glaciers of the world occupies (B) about (C) 10 percent (D) of the Earth’s surface. Đáp án đúng: B -> occupy Ex 2: Anyone reproducing (A) copyrighted works (B) without permission of the holders of the copyrights are (C) breaking. (D) the law. Đáp án đúng: C -> is 9
2. Thì: Lỗi sai liên quan đến việc dùng sai thì, hoặc là sai một phần của thì. Ex 1: Before the newspaper became widespread (A) , a tow crier (B) has (C) walked throughout a village or town singing out (D) new. Đáp án đúng: C -> had Ex 2: During the 1940’s science and engineering had an impact on the way (A) music reach (B) its audience and even (C) influenced the way in which (D) it was composed. Đáp án đúng: B-> reached 10
3. Dạng động từ: Lỗi sai liên quan đến việc dùng sai dạng của động từ. Ex: Natural resources (A) provide (B) the raw materials (C) needing (D) to produce finished goods. Câu trả lời đúng là D (Needed) vì đây là mệnh đề tính từ rút gọn materials which are needed to. . . 11
4. Sai về bổ ngữ Chú ý khi nào dùng to infinitive, Bare infinitive hoặc V – ing Ex: I want to travel because I enjoy to meet people A B C and seeing new places. D Đáp án đúng: C-> meeting 12
5. Inversion: Lỗi sai liên quan đến sự hoán vị chủ ngữ và động từ. Ex: Hardly I could make out what the message was. A B C D Vì Hardly đứng đầu câu nên phải đảo could lên trước chủ ngữ. (could I) 13
PRACTICE: 1. As a result (A) of the Women’s Movement, women now holds (B) positions that were once restricted (C) to men. (D) 2. The number of wild condors, an endangered species of (A) bird, have been (B) increasing steadily (C) because of (D) the work of scientists and environmentalists. 3. Not one (A) in one hundred children exposed to the disease are (B) likely (C) to develop (D) symptoms of it 4. Pharmacist (A) fill drug prescriptions, keeping (B) records of the drug their patients are taking to make sure (C) that harmful combinations are not 14
5. Children’s games, which are amusements involve (A) more than one individual, appear (B) to be a cultural (C) universal. (D) 6. Different kinds of turtles (A) are uniquely adapt (B) to living (C) on land, in fresh water, or in the (D) ocean. 7. I wish I have (A) a car. It would (B) make life so much (C) easier. (D) 8. I’ve lost (A) one of my gloves (B). I must have been (C) dropping it somewhere. (D) 15
ĐẠI TỪ 1. Dùng sai đại từ: Ex: If she borrows your coat, then you should be able A B to borrow her C D Đáp án đúng: D -> hers Ex 2: An understudy is an actor who can substitute for A B other actor in case of emergency. C D Đáp án đúng: C -> another vì actor ở số ít. 16
2. Dùng sai đại từ cho chủ ngữ one/ each/ every Ở vế sau của câu có chủ ngữ là one, each of hay every, người ra đề thường đặt lỗi sai là đại từ you hoặc they. Thực tế, ta phải dùng one hoặc he/ she Ex 1: Each of the students (A) in the (B) accounting class has to type their (C) own (D) research paper this semester. Đáp án là C. -> his/her Ex 2: One can only live without water for (A) about ten days because (B)almost 60 percent of their (C) body is (D) water. Đáp án là C. -> his/ her 17
3. Sai đại từ quan hệ Các đại từ quan hệ who, whose, whom, which, that…đều có cách sử dụng khác nhau. Ví dụ who thay thế cho danh từ chỉ người đóng vai trò là chủ ngữ, which thay thế cho danh từ chỉ vật…. Ex: He gave (A) orders to the manager (B) whose (C) passed them on to the foreman. (D) Đáp đúng là C -> who 18
4. Sự hoà hợp giữa đại từ và danh từ Đại từ và từ sở hữu phải hợp với danh từ mà nó thay thế. Ex 1: The best way (A) for children to learn science (B) is for them to perform (C) experiments himself. (D) Đáp án đúng: D -> themselves Ex 2: If a person (A) really wants (B) to succeed, they (C) must always work hard. (D) Đáp án đúng: C -> he/she 19
PRACTICE: 1. Whatever the problem (A) , you should think profoundly (B) about them (C) before coming to a decision. (D) 2. There are (A) many different ways of comparing (B) the economy of one nation with those (C) of another. (D) 3. I did not know (A) that you and her (B) were working (C) together on (D) the project. 4. Humus a substance found (A) in soil, is soft (B) and spongy and enables plant roots to send out (C) tiny hairs through that (D) they absorb water and food. 5. Education (A) trains (B) a student to see things as it is, (C) to disentangle a skein (D) of thought. 20
6. The cards connecting (A) the computer to its printer (B) need to be (C) replaced before them wear down. (D) 7. If one had thought about the alternatives, you (A) would not have chosen (B) such (C) a difficult topic for a term paper. (D) 8. There are (A) not many (B) people which (C) adapt to a new culture without feeling (D) some disorietation at firs 9. Someone who (A) has ever tried to pick up (B) spilled mercury will agree that (C) this element is hard to handle. (D) 10. Mary and Mark (A) invited theirs parents (B) to see (C) their (D) new apartment. 21
DẠNG TỪ Lỗi sai liên quan đến việc sử dụng từ loại, ví dụ như phải dùng tính từ thay vì trạng từ, động từ thay vì tính từ, danh từ chỉ người thay vì danh từ chỉ ngành học, hay chỉ hành động. . . Ex: Many successful (A) film directions (B) are former (C) actors who desire to expand (D) their experience in the film industry. (Câu 47, đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH-CĐ, khối D, 2007) Đáp án đúng là B. Ở đây phải dùng danh từ chỉ người: film, directors (đạo diễn phim) thay vì film directions. 22
1. Danh từ ghép Lỗi thường gặp nhất ở dạng này là đặt sai trật tự từ của các bộ phận cấu thành nên danh từ ghép. Lỗi này xuất phát từ thực tế cách học sinh Việt Nam dịch từ tiếng Việt sang tiếng Anh. Chúng ta đều biết: Frame – khung Picture – tranh Vậy khi ghép lại, một cách logic, chúng ta thường ghép “khung tranh” là "frame picture, tuy nhiên cách dùng này là sai. Từ đúng phải là picture frame và người ra đề thường tập trung vào điểm yếu này để đánh lừa thí sinh. 23
Ex : Televisions are now an everyday feature of most A B households in the United States, and television viewing C is the number one activity leisure. D Đáp án là D vì từ đúng là leisure activity (n) hoạt động giải trí chứ không phải activity leisure. 24
2. Trật tự từ Ex: Goods (A) such as flowers fresh (B) and seafood are often shipped (C) by air. (D) Đáp án đúng là B (fresh flowers), vì fresh là tính từ, nên phải đứng trước danh từ flowers. 3. Lỗi sai liên quan đến các dạng so sánh thường là phần gạch dưói dùng các dạng so sánh sai, hoặc thiếu một phần nào đó của dạng so sánh sử dụng trong câu. Ex: He studies Mathematics frequently than she does. A B C D Đáp án đúng là C -> more frequently. 25
4. Để ý đến các trạng từ có cùng dạng như tính từ. Ex: It is necessary (A) that he work (B) fastly (C) as soon as (D) possible. Đáp án đúng là C -> fast 5. Dùng tính từ thay vì trạng từ và ngược lại Ex 1: The mother (A) was pleasant surprised (B) when (C) her daughter came (D)to visit. Đáp án đúng là B-> pleasantly. Ex 2: She takes (A) her daily (B) medication on (C) a regularly schedule. (D) D là đáp án đúng -> regular 26
6. Vị trí của trạng từ Ex: He has taken recently an English course. A B C D B là đáp án đúng, vì trạng từ không đứng giữa động từ và tân ngữ. Câu này có thể sửa lại bằng nhiều cách sau: Recently, he has taken an English course. = He has recently taken an English course. = He has taken an English course recently. 27
7. Dùng tính từ tận cùng bằng -ed thay vì -ing. Ex: Modern transportation can speed a doctor to (A) the side of a sick person (B) , even if (C)the patient lives on an isolating farm. (D) (Câu 58, đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH-CĐ, khối D, 2006) Đáp án đúng là D. -> isolated farm 8. Dùng tính từ thay vì danh từ và ngược lại Ex 1: Male (A) guppies, like (B) many other male fish, are (C) more color (D) than females. Câu trả lời đúng là D -> colorful. Ex 2: Philosopher (A) Theodore A. Langerman was interested (B) in the fields of literary (C) and music. (D) Đáp án đúng là C, phải dùng danh từ literature. 28
9. Dùng sai danh từ: sô' ít và sô'nhiều, đếm được và không đếm được, các từ chỉ sô' lượng, và động từ không hợp với danh từ, danh từ chỉ người, danh từ chỉ vật. Ex 1: Many of (A) the food consumed (B) by penguin consists of (C) fish obtained from the ocean. (D) Đáp án đúng là A -> much Ex 2: The amount of (A) women earning Master's (B) Degree has risen (C) sharply in recent years. (D) Đáp án đúng là A -> The number of 29
PRACTICE: 1. Workers who repair (A) the road surface (B) wear specially (C) jackets for (D) easy identification. 2. Plants require (A) much less (B) moist (C) in cold weather than (D) in warm weather. 3. The letter that (A) was sent (B) by special delivery (C) must be importance. (D) 4. The normally (A) force of gravity (B) at the Earth’s (C) surface is (D) called 1 g. 5. Dentistry (A) is a branch of (B) medicine that (C) has developed very dramatical (D) in the last twenty years. 6. The skin of mammals is (A) a complexity organ (B) that serves vital (C) protective and metabolic functions. (D) 30
7. Naturalists say that there is (A) evidence to support (B) the assertion that anthropoids, whether in captive (C) or in the native state, sometimes beat their breasts. (D) 8. Generally, (A) Europe and Asia are regarded (B) as being distinct continents, but they are simply vast geography (C) divisions of the larger land mass known as Eurasia. (D) 9. Unlike folk dancers, (A) which is the product (B) of a single culture, (C) ballet is an international (D) art form. 10. Cotton (A) is one of the most popular (B) fiber (C) used to make (D) clothes 31
GiỚI TỪ- PHÓ TỪ 1. Dùng sai giới từ sau tính từ, sau động từ, sau danh từ, thành ngữ, . . . A few of the works in art of the French painter A B Cezanne are part of the permanent collection of the C D museum of Modern Art in New York city. B -> works of art 32
2. Sai phó từ If you need to keep fit, then why not take on a sport such A B C D as badminton or tennis? (Câu 56, đề thi ĐH- CĐ, 2006) C -> take up sth 33
3. Thiếu giới từ: According experts 60, 000 cubic feet of earth was thrown A B into the air in the explosion of Mount St. Helen. C D A -> according to experts 34
PRACTICE: 1. The advances (A) in (B) information technology are rapidly changing (C) the nature at libraries. (D) 2. Mount St. Helens, a (A) volcano in Washington state (B) in the United states, (C) erupted in May 18 th (D), 1980. 3. Wood, the hardened material from which (A) trees are composed, (B) is made up of millions (C) of tiny tubes of fibers (D) packed together. 4. Henry David Thoreau stressed the importance in (A) individuality and of living (B) in harmony (C) with nature. (D) 5. Bacteria are responsible of (A) many of the textures (B) and flavors in our food (C) and are particularly important in (D) milk products. 35
6. The need for vitamins (A) of our diet (B) was discovered by (C) the Dutch doctor Christian Eijkman in 1896. (D) 7. Frogs get much of their (A) oxygen by means blood capillaries (B) in the surface (C) of the skin. (D) 8. Candles were mankind's (A) chief source of (B) illumination since (C) at least (D) 2, 000 years. 9. Some (A) of the most of (B) spectacular waterfalls in the eastern (C) Unite States are found in (D) the Pocono Mountains of Pennsylvania. 10. In nowadays, (A) commercial bakeries use complex, automated machines, but the basic principles of baking (B) have changed little (C) for thousands of years. (D) 36
TỪ DỄ NHẦM LẪN Nhiều khi đề thi kiểm tra khả năng nhận biết cách dùng từ sai của một từ rất dễ bị nhầm lẫn. Ex 1: When her dog died, she cried very hardly for half an A B C D hour. (Câu 57, đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH-CĐ, khối D, 2006) Đáp án đúng là C -> hard vì hardly 37
Ex 2: Tom’s very good at science when his brother is A B C absolutely hopeless. D (Câu 59, trích đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH-CĐ, khối D, 2006) B là đáp án đúng. (while= trong khi, trái lại) Ex 3: Daisy has such many things to do that she has no A B C time to go out. D (Câu 60, trích đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH-CĐ, khối D, 2006) Đáp án đúng là A (so /such many + N + that) 38
Một sô' từ sau đây dễ nhầm lẫn 39
most/ almost 1. I've (A) read almost of (B) the chapters in (C) the book. (D). Đáp án: B -> most 2. I’ve booked (A) most all (B) of the problems (C) in the book. (D). Đáp án: B -> almost so/ such/ too 1. At present (A) , solar cells are (B) so expensive (C) and inefficient to be used in the commercial generation of electricity. (D) Đáp án: C -> too expensive 2. Continental islands (A) are too close to (B) continents that their plants and animal life are (C) identical. (D) Đáp án: B -> so close to 40
a/ an/ the 1. The coal (A) is the world's (B) most abundant fossil (C) fuel. (D). Đáp án: A -> Coal 2. Lack of (A) animal protein in (B) the human diet is a serious (C) cause of the (D)malnutrition. Đáp án: D -> bỏ 3. Drying (A) food by means (B) of solar energy is a (C) ancient process applied (D) wherever food an climatic conditions make it possible. Đáp án: C -> an 41
twice/ double 1. There are (A) only ten children in the class (B) at the moment but it could be twice (C) that after Christmas (D). Đáp án: C -> double 2. The (A) United States has double (B) as many as people (C) as Japan. (D) Đáp án: B -> twice Not/ no 1. Because not food (A) is as nutritious (B) for a baby as (C) its mother’s milk, many (D) women are returning to the practice of breast feeding. Đáp án: A -> no food 2. Synthetic plastic foam should no be used (A) where there are (B) high (C) temperatures or risks of (D) fire. Đáp án: A -> not 42
Despite/ in spite of 1. Despite of (A) the pills which (B) are available, many people still (C) have trouble sleeping. (D) Đáp án: A -> bỏ of 2. In spite its (A) frightening appearance, (B) the octopus is (C) shy and completely harmless. (D) Đáp án: A -> In spite of its 43
percent/ percentage 1. It has been estimated that in a few years, (A) twelve percents (B) of Canadians (C) will be senior citizens. (D) Đáp án: B -> percent 2. Calculate what percent (A) of (B) your income you (C) spend on food. (D) Đáp án: A -> percentage 44
like/ alike/ unlike 1. I think (A) he looks (B) alike (C) his (D) father. Đáp án: C -> like 2. The two versions (A) of (B) the text are like (C) in many ways. (D) Đáp án: C -> alike 3. It's (A) a show (B) that appeals (C) to young and old like. (D) Đáp án: D -> alike 4. Thefestival has been (A) a great success, like (B) last year when it rained (C) non-stop. (D) Đáp án: B -> unlike 45
afterward/ after 1. We’ll go (A) to dinner (B) afterward (C) the Diavis is over. (D) Đáp án: C -> after 2. First the performer (A) played the guitar (B) and after (C) she played (D) the flute. Đáp án: C -> afterward 46
do/ make 1. The helicopter (A) can make (B) jobs that (C) no other aircraft can. (D) Đáp án: B -> do 2. She did (A) fundamental (B) contributions to both (C) theory and fieldwork of anthropology. (D) Đáp án: A -> She made 47
other/ another/ other(s) 1. A ballet dancer’s techniques (A) and skills (B) are very different from (C) those of another (D) dancers Đáp án: D -> other 2. Lightning is (A) a rush of electrical (B) current from (C) a cloud to the ground or from one cloud to other. (D) Đáp án: D -> to another 3. Some birds perch (A) on branches (B) , while other (C) cling to their trunks. (D) Đáp án: B -> others 48
many/ much/ few/ little/ number/ amount 1. A little (A) simple precautions can prevent (B) accidents at home (C) and on the job (D) Đáp án: A -> A few 2. Bats do (A) few (B) damage to people (C), livestock, or crops. (D) Đáp án: B -> little 3. Walter Hunt invented an enormous amount (A) of devices, including (B) the safety in and a machine (C) for making (D) nails. Đáp án: A -> number 49
during/ while 1. Food (A) shortages may occur (B) while (C) extended periods of drought. (D) Đáp án: C -> during 2. Many Americans have (A) part-time jobs (B) during (C) they are (D) going to college. Đáp án: C -> while 50
beside/ besides 1. Many small towns (A) have a (B) wooded park besides (C) a lake or stream (D). Đáp án: C -> beside 2. Beside being (A) hard on the individual, inflation can be (B) a serious threat to (C) a nation's economic health. (D) Đáp án: A -> Besides being and / also 1. Sapporo is (A) a food processing center (B) ; it (C) is and (D) a tourist mecca. Đáp án: D -> also 2. Rubber is (A) composed chiefly (B) of carbon also (C) hydrogen (D). Đáp án: C -> and 51
THỪA TỪ là việc thêm vào từ hoặc cụm từ không cần thiết. Ex 1: In my opinion, I think (A) this book is more interesting (B) than the other (C) one. (D) (Câu 50, đề thi tuyển sinh ĐH-CĐ, khối D, 2007) Đáp án đúng là A. Nếu dùng In my opinion thì không dùng thêm I think, hoặc ngược lại. Ex 2: The first original (A) packaged (B) breakfast cereal was (C) introduced in (D) 1984 Đáp án đúng là A. First và original đều có cùng nghĩa là đầu tiên, nên chỉ dùng một trong hai từ. 52
Sau đây là các cặp từ đứng cùng nhau tạo nên sự thừa từ một cách không cần thiết. advance forward nearly almost ancient old precede before enter into proceed forward following after progress forward enough join together repeat again first original only unique incorrect mistake rarely seldom reread again return back same identical sufficient tiny little new innovations single only 53
PRACTICE: 1. Driver in attention is (A) a factor in contributing to (B) half of all auto accidents, and things are (C)expected to get worse. (D) 2. Before TV, the common man seldom never (A) had (B) the opportunity to see and hear (C) his leaders express their (D) views. 3. If one (A) is invited out (B) to a dinner, it is perfectly proper to go (C)either with or without no (D) a gift. 4. These are such a long assignments (A) that (B) I can't (C) finish them (D). 5. The oxygen content of Mars is not sufficient enough (A) to support (B) life as (C) we know it. (D) 54
6. In addition to oil refining (A) and international banking, Panama is also (B) known for growing (C) bananas, pineapples, (D) and sugar. 7. Because of (A) the crowded and (B) filthy conditions on the slave ships, fatal (C) diseases that took many (D) lives were rampant. 8. Once you have finished (A) an article and identified its (B) main ideas, it may not be necessary (C) to reread it again. (D) 9. It is necessary and required (A) that dentaltechnicians and others who (B) work with X- rays limit their (C) exposure to these highly (D) penetrating rays. 55
THIẾU TỪ Trái lại với sự thừa từ nói trên, ở phần tìm lỗi sai, nhiều khi câu lại thiếu từ lẽ ra rất cần thiết để câu trở thành cầu đúng. Ex 1: They had difficulty (A) identifying the man committed (B) the crime because of (C) the poor lighting along (D) the street. Đáp án đúng là B -> the man who committed. Ex 2: When we are infants, (A) we (B) must depend (C) our parents for (D) everything. Đáp án: C -> depend on 56
PRACTICE: 1. There seldom (A) a more (B) spectacular sight than the (C) Fourth of July works over the Statue of (D) Liberty. 2. The pleasures (A) of life are (B) diminished shared (C) with (D) a friend. 3. World (A) , although once perceived to be (B) limitless, is beginning (C) to reach its (D) capacity. 4. With the (A) advance of Microsoft Windows, many other software (B) makers were forced upgrade (C) their own (D) products. 5. As the surgeon operated (A) the patient, there were (B) a number of specialists who looked on (C) from the viewing room in order to learn how to do (D) the new procedure. 57
Any Questions? ? 58
Game show
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