Ergogenic Aids Ergogenic Aids Any substance man made

Ergogenic Aids

Ergogenic Aids • Any substance, man made or natural, that will artificially enhance performance by increasing strength, endurance, etc • Who uses ergogenic aids? • Placebo effects? • Ethical issues?

Anabolic Steroids • • • Schedule III of Controlled Substances Act Usage began in the 1940’s Synthetic substance developed in 1953 IOC banned steroids in late 1960’s IOC instituted testing at 1976 Summer Olympics • 21 FB players banned from bowl games in 1987 • Recent increase in usage

Effects of Anabolic Steroids • Mimics Testosterone • Androgenic Effects – male sex characteristics – want to limit these effects • Anabolic Effects – increase protein & creatine phosphate synthesis – increase muscle mass – increase aggressiveness **increase oxygen carrying capacity - not proven

Anabolic Steroids - Sources • Prescription – anemia, replacement therapy, increase appetite, abnormal protein synthesis – NORMAL dose = 5 -10 mg/day • Veterinarian • Black Market

Anabolic Steroids - Administration • Oral – Dianabol, Android, Anadrol, Oxandrin – EXCESSIVE dose = >25 -50 mg/day (200 mg/day) • Injection – Deca-Durabolin, DEPOTestosterone – EXCESSIVE dose = >100 -200 mg/week • Programs – stacking - use of oral & injectable – pyramiding then usage – cycling - on/off (6 -12 wks)

Anabolic Steroids - Adverse • Psychological Effects – “roid rage” – mood swings, depression, euphoria – mania, recklessness • Physical – liver toxicity – muscle cramps – acne – balding, increase hair on body – water retention – heart abnormalities – premature closure of epiphyseal growth plates – alters fat metabolism – women - masculine

Anabolic Steroids – More Adverse Effects • increase blood pressure • increase cholesterol • increase risk of HA • increase risk of liver cancer • body stops producing testosterone • tendon injuries • illness due to contaminated needles • increase in number of injuries?

Drug Testing • Urine test • Test 1 hr. after announcing test • Masking agents – Benemid, Corticosteroids, DHEA, other substances • T/E Ratio – also measure concentration of testosterone and specific gravity

DHEA (Dehydroepiandrosterone) • Natural steroid hormone produced in the adrenal glands – converted to testosterone – anabolic effects • Medicinal uses – heart disease, obesity, diabetes, amount in body decreases w/age • Masking agent – normalizes T/E ratio • Available as a supplement

Androstenedione • Natural substance – produced in adrenal glands • Nutritional supplement • Anabolic effects, increase energy, enhance recovery

Human Growth Hormone (Somatotropin) • Hormone secreted from pituitary gland • Effects – stimulate protein synthesis – stimulate growth – increase muscle mass – increase strength of muscles, tendons, etc

Human Growth Hormone • Adverse effects – acromegaly - large hands & feet – abnormal shaped head – increase size of heart, liver, kidneys – increase cholesterol • Alternative to steroids – cheaper – harder to detect

Beta Blockers (Beta 1 antagonists) • Decrease activity in sympathetic N. S. • Medical uses - hypertension, angina pectoris, cardiac arrhythmias • Reasons for abuse by athletes – cardiac palpitations, decrease HR – muscle tremors – hyperventilation – anxiety, nervousness

Blood Doping • Purpose - increase number of RBC to O 2 carrying capacity • Technique – remove blood 5 -6 wks. before event – freeze RBC – infuse RBC several days before event

Blood Doping • Adverse effects – difficult to train – increase viscosity of blood • Risks – risk of blood clots, HA or stroke – infection – hepatitis **Difficult to detect • Eryrthropoietin(EPO) – human hormone

Nutritional Supplements • Pharmaceutical vs. Nutraceutical – vitamin, mineral, herb, amino acid, metabolite, extract • 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) – allowed manufacturers to distribute products w/o a prescription and outside FDA jurisdiction. – can only make general health statements

Creatine • Effects – increase rate of creatine resynthesis during ex. – recycles ATP – prolongs onset of fatigue - decrease lactic acid accumulation – increase protein synthesis, increase muscle mass • Adverse effects – cramping, muscle strains – kidney problems; long term effects unknown – weight gain

Chromium • Effects – regulates carbohydrate supply – assists insulin - increase transport of glucose – increase energy – increase protein synthesis, increase muscle mass – decrease body fat? ? – Is a trace element – Be aware of liver toxicity – Is not banned by IOC or NCAA

Bicarbonate Ingestion • Counteracts buildup of lactic acid in anaerobic events • Dosage needed >300 mg/kg (>35 tablets) • Adverse effects – diarrhea, electrolyte imbalance • Is not banned

Nutritional Supplements • Pyruvate - decrease body fat ? ? ? • Ephedrine (Ma Huang) – increase weight loss; many side effects • Guarana • Green Tea Leaf Extract • Willow Bark • L-Carnitine – burn fat faster

Nutritional Supplements • Ginseng –increase power; affects energy systems; often combined w/ ephedrine • L-Glutamine – increase function of immune system • HMB – increase muscle mass; decrease fat